Objectives To assess the relative efficacy of percutaneous (P=0.001). ESWL results were also affected by re-treatment rates, which were influenced by distance nephrolithotomy (PCN) and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in clearing stones and to examine of the local hospital from the lithotripter. The results with PCN improved with experience. The results of factors which affected the results from each treatment. Patients and methods The study comprised 390 patients ESWL were satisfactory and the treatment cheaper, with a lower morbidity and hospital stay than after treated with PCN who were compared to 618 patients treated with ESWL. Unconditional logistic regression PCN for stones <2 cm in diameter, making it the treatment of choice. However for stones >2 cm, the analysis was used to compare the odds of success and failure in the PCN group with those in the ESWL results of ESWL were not as good and costs of treatment, morbidity and hospital stay were much closer group, whilst controlling for any potential effects of age, sex, laterality, presence of other stones, previous to those of PCN for similar sized stones. Conclusions PCN is more effective than ESWL in clearing stone history, pre-operative treatment and centre. Results PCN was more successful in obtaining satisfacstones. However, ESWL is an effective treatment and is usually the treatment of choice for most stones. tory results than ESWL, with an odds ratio of 2.67 (P<0.001, 95% confidence intervals 1.84-3.87). The Nevertheless, PCN remains an important and extremely effective method of treatment. The choice odds ratio in favour of PCN was increased after controlling for differences by centre (odds ratio 5.18, of treatment for stones will be influenced by the distance of a centre from a static lithotripter, and the 95% confidence intervals 2.89-9.16). No other factors significantly influenced the odds ratio. ESWL was less potential availability of a mobile lithotripter. Keywords Lithotripsy, percutaneous nephrolithotomy, successful in treating stones >2 cm in diameter compared to treating stones <2 cm in diameter case-match control study ESWL as the treatment of choice in view of the lower