The present experiments show that bradykinin and angiotensin are potent releasers of the medullary hormones, probably mainly adrenaline, from the suprarenal glands. Angiotensin is more potent in this respect than any other known substance. These findings were the outcome of a chance observation made when assaying bradykinin by its depressor action on the arterial blood pressure of the cat. On trying to render the assay more sensitive by removing the abdominal viscera and injecting the bradykinin through the central stump of the coeliac artery at its origin from the abdominal aorta above the suprarenals, bradykinin caused a fall, followed after 20-30 sec by a pronounced rise, in arterial blood pressure associated with acceleration of heart rate. The pressor effect and the cardio-acceleration were abolished after removal of the suprarenal glands and were therefore due to release of their medullary hormones. Such an action of bradykinin has been described in rabbits and rats (Lecomte, Troquet & Dresse, 1961), but no quantitative data of the release have been reported. We therefore investigated quantitatively this adrenaline-releasing effect of bradykinin and related kinins. On extending the experiments to angiotensin an extreme sensitivity of the suprarenal medulla to this peptide was revealed. Three other peptides, vasopressin, oxytocin and substance P, did not have this property. Examined under similar conditions they did not cause a detectable release of adrenaline from the suprarenals. METHODSThe experiments were performed on 2-3 kg cats anaesthetized with intravenous chloralose. To allow cannulation of the right femoral vein, anaesthesia was induced with ethyl chloride and ether.In order to inject the peptides into the abdominal aorta above the suprarenal glands the cats were eviscerated by removal of the large and small intestine, stomach and spleen, and a metal cannula was tied into the central stump of the coeliac artery. The cannula was a 20-gauge hypodermic needle (No. 0); its sharp end was cut off and a groove made near the
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded in 2000 for the discovery of conductive organic polymers, which have subsequently been adapted for applications in ultrasensitive biological detection. Here, we report the first use of this new class of fluorescent probes in a diverse range of cytometric and imaging applications. We demonstrate that these ''Brilliant Violet'' reporters are dramatically brighter than other UV-violet excitable dyes, and are of similar utility to phycoerythrin (PE) and allophycocyanin (APC). They are thus ideally suited for cytometric assays requiring high sensitivity, such as MHC-multimer staining or detection of intracellular antigens. Furthermore, these reporters are sensitive and spectrally distinct options for fluorescence imaging, twophoton microscopy and imaging cytometry. These ultra-bright materials provide the first new high-sensitivity fluorescence probes in over 25 years and will have a dramatic impact on the design and implementation of multicolor panels for high-sensitivity immunofluorescence assays. Published 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. limited by the variety of fluorochromes currently available (1). Existing fluorescent probes fall into three classes: large protein-based molecules (e.g., phycobiliproteins), inorganic fluorescent nanocrystals (e.g., quantum dots), and small organic dyes (e.g., fluorescein). All have been incorporated into standard immunofluorescence staining technology, but many exhibit undesirable qualities in terms of brightness, stability, or applicability to different techniques (like intracellular staining) (2,3). In this contribution, we examine a fourth class of fluorescent materials that offer distinct advantages in performance and versatility.In principle, the sensitivity of fluorescent probes in cell staining is limited by three factors. First, and most importantly, is the intrinsic brightness of the probe, quantified generally by its absorbance cross-section and quantum efficiency. Second is the degree to which intrinsic background (autofluorescence) of the sample overlaps with the dye's emission. And third, for multiparameter applications, is how broad the excitation and emission spectra are, leading to ''spillover'' or overlap of multiple probe emissions. This requires mathematical correction (known as compensation). For imaging applications, a fourth factor becomes important: resistance to photobleaching. The properties of phycoerythrin (PE) and (to a lesser extent) allophycocyanin (APC), two phycobiliproteins in use for the last 25 years, make them the brightest probes currently used in most immunofluorescence experiments. Both
Thirty-eight infected pancreatic fluid collections in 23 patients with acute or chronic pancreatitis were drained percutaneously following initial diagnosis with computed tomography and fine-needle aspiration. Fifteen (65.2%) patients were cured completely without surgery. Eight (34.8%) patients required some type of surgery despite successful treatment of the fluid collection, and in two (6.5%) the collection recurred after catheter removal. Complications occurred in three (13%) patients, but only one complication (4%), empyema, was a direct result of catheter drainage. Catheter drainage time averaged 29 days for 16 patients with isolated collections and 96 days and 104 days for patients with collections with pancreatic duct fistulas (nine patients) or gastrointestinal fistulas (14 patients), respectively. This study confirms that infected pancreatic fluid collections can be safely and effectively treated with percutaneous catheter techniques in most patients.
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