Impact of ethanol blending into gasoline on aromatic compound evaporation and particle emissions from a gasoline direct injection engine

Ratcliff, Matthew A.; Windom, Bret; Fioroni, Gina M.; John, Peter C. St.; Burke, Stephen; Burton, Jonathan; Christensen, Earl; Sindler, Petr; McCormick, Robert L.

doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.05.030

Cited by 38 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Evaporation of cumene was delayed by the presence of methanol, ethanol, or the propanol isomers but unaffected by the butanol isomers. This effect of delaying aromatic compound evaporation has been reported previously for ethanol blends [18,29,30]. This is caused by the combined effect of the lower boiling point of the alcohols such that they must evaporate first and non-ideal vapor-liquid equilibrium effects for blends of these alcohols into gasoline [29].…”

Section: Summary/conclusionsupporting

confidence: 68%

“…Cumene is a nine-carbon aromatic compound, and several studies have shown that C9 and larger aromatics are primarily responsible for PM emissions from DISI engines [23,24]. Cumene (boiling point 153°C) is also volatile enough to evaporate at room temperature, the conditions used in this study [18]. All samples were analyzed utilizing the new DSC/TGA/MS method to track species and enthalpy evolution throughout the entire evaporation process.…”

Section: Blendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-ideal solution (not according to Raoult's law) vapor-liquid equilibrium is amply demonstrated for the C1 to C3 alcohols by their impact on Reid vapor pressure and the distillation curve as well. The delay of aromatic evaporation by vapor-liquid equilibrium effects may be equally important as evaporative cooling in causing increased particulate matter emissions from alcohol blends under some conditions [18].…”

Section: Summary/conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies have suggested that increased evaporative cooling from the presence of ethanol causes high boiling point aromatic compounds, which are largely responsible for PM formation, to be resistant to evaporation and mixing with air and thus much more likely to form PM. This effect is thought to be particularly relevant when the fuel spray impinges on the top of the piston or cylinder wall [12,14,17,18]. The impact of alcohols other than ethanol on PM formation has not been widely studied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat of Vaporization and Species Evolution during Gasoline Evaporation Measured by DSC/TGA/MS for Blends of C1 to C4 Alcohols in Commercial Gasoline Blendstocks

Fioroni¹,

Christensen²,

Fouts³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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Evaporative cooling of the fuel-air charge by fuel evaporation is an important feature of direct-injection spark-ignition engines that improves fuel knock resistance and reduces pumping losses at intermediate load, but in some cases, may increase fine particle emissions. We have reported on experimental approaches for measuring both total heat of vaporization and examination of the evaporative heat effect as a function of fraction evaporated for gasolines and ethanol blends. In this paper, we extend this work to include other low-molecular-weight alcohols and present results on species evolution during fuel evaporation by coupling a mass spectrometer to our differential scanning calorimetry/thermogravimetric analysis instrument. The alcohols examined were methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, isopropanol, 2-butanol, and isobutanol at 10 volume percent, 20 volume percent, and 30 volume percent. The results show that total heat of vaporization of the alcohol gasoline blends is in line with the decreasing heat of vaporization in kilojoules per kilogram with increasing alcohol carbon number, as expected. Mass spectrometer results show that methanol fully evaporates at significantly lower fraction evaporated relative to other alcohols even though it is present at higher molar concentration at a fixed volumetric concentration. Certain alcohols, especially methanol and ethanol, can suppress the evaporation of aromatic compounds such as cumene during the evaporation process in some samples. While the use of mass spectrometry to analyze the composition of the evolving gas mixture provided useful results for a relatively simple research gasoline (FACE B), additional research is required to practically apply this methodology to more complex commercial gasolines.

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Section: Summary/conclusionsupporting

confidence: 68%

Section: Blendingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Summary/conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Heat of Vaporization and Species Evolution during Gasoline Evaporation Measured by DSC/TGA/MS for Blends of C1 to C4 Alcohols in Commercial Gasoline Blendstocks

Fioroni¹,

Christensen²,

Fouts³

et al. 2019

SAE Technical Paper Series

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“…Changing the ethanol percentage in the fuel will affect the thermo-physical properties of the fuel blend with positive impacts on combustion and some emissions [14,15]. The effects of adding ethanol to gasoline fuel on engine performance and combustion characteristics have been investigated in the literature [2,[16][17][18][19]. Adding ethanol to fuel can increase the mixed fuel octane number.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

et al. 2020

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It has been proven that vehicle emissions such as oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are negatively affecting the health of human beings as well as the environment. In addition, it was recently highlighted that air pollution may result in people being more vulnerable to the deadly COVID-19 virus. The use of biofuels such as E5 and E10 as alternatives of gasoline fuel have been recommended by different researchers. In this paper, the impacts of port injection of water to a spark ignition engine fueled by gasoline, E5 and E10 on its performance and NOx production have been investigated. The experimental work was undertaken using a KIA Cerato engine and the results were used to validate an AVL BOOST model. To develop the numerical analysis, design of experiment (DOE) method was employed. The results showed that by increasing the ethanol fraction in gasoline/ethanol blend, the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) improved between 2.3% and 4.5%. However, the level of NOx increased between 22% to 48%. With port injection of water up to 8%, there was up to 1% increase in engine power whereas NOx and BSFC were reduced by 8% and 1%, respectively. The impacts of simultaneous changing of the start of combustion (SOC) and water injection rate on engine power and NOx production was also investigated. It was found that the NOx concentration is very sensitive to SOC variation.

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Mixture Formation and Pollution Emissions of Ethanol-Gasoline/Ethanol-LPG PI Motorcycle Engines

Truong

Lê

2021

Proceedings of the 2nd Annual International Conference on Material, Machines and Methods for Sustainable Development (MMMS2020)

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Impact of ethanol blending into gasoline on aromatic compound evaporation and particle emissions from a gasoline direct injection engine

Cited by 38 publications

References 38 publications

Heat of Vaporization and Species Evolution during Gasoline Evaporation Measured by DSC/TGA/MS for Blends of C1 to C4 Alcohols in Commercial Gasoline Blendstocks

Heat of Vaporization and Species Evolution during Gasoline Evaporation Measured by DSC/TGA/MS for Blends of C1 to C4 Alcohols in Commercial Gasoline Blendstocks

The Effects of Port Water Injection on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Emissions Fueled by Pure Gasoline, E5 and E10

Mixture Formation and Pollution Emissions of Ethanol-Gasoline/Ethanol-LPG PI Motorcycle Engines

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