Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots

Bernasochi, Gabriel B.; Bell, James; Simpson, Evan R.; Delbridge, Lea M; Boon, Wah Chin

doi:10.1002/cphy.c180009

Cited by 20 publications

(12 citation statements)

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“…Estrogen receptors (ERs) are expressed in AT, and estrogen has been shown to influence cardiometabolic health, with many studies illuminating that loss of estrogen with menopause is associated with increases in central adiposity, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular disease (3)(4)(5). In the postmenopausal state, however, estrogen production is not completely eliminated as estrogens are produced extragonadally in AT (6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age, Sex, and Depot‐Specific Differences in Adipose‐Tissue Estrogen Receptors in Individuals with Obesity

Porter

Barnas

Welly

et al. 2020

Obesity

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Objective The aim of this study was to examine the effects of sex and menopausal status on depot‐specific estrogen signaling in white adipose tissue (AT) in age‐matched men and women with morbid obesity. Methods A total of 28 premenopausal women, 16 postmenopausal women, and 27 age‐matched men undergoing bariatric surgery were compared for omental (OM) AT (OMAT) and abdominal subcutaneous (SQ) AT (SQAT) genes and proteins. Results With the exception of fasting nonesterified fatty acids being higher in women (P < 0.01), no differences were found in other indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism. In OMAT, estrogen receptor (ER) beta (ERβ) levels were higher in older women than in younger women and older men (sex‐age interaction, P < 0.01), and aromatase expression was higher in older men than in older women (P < 0.05). In SQAT, women had lower expression of ERβ than men (P < 0.05). Protein content of ER alpha and ERβ was highly correlated with the mitochondrial protein uncoupling protein 1 across sexes and ages (P < 0.001). Age increased SQ inflammatory gene expression in both sexes. Conclusions In morbid obesity, sex and age affect AT ERs, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial uncoupling protein 1, and inflammatory expression in an AT depot–dependent manner. The SQAT immunometabolic profile is heavily influenced by age and menopause status, more so than OMAT.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age, Sex, and Depot‐Specific Differences in Adipose‐Tissue Estrogen Receptors in Individuals with Obesity

Porter

Barnas

Welly

et al. 2020

Obesity

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“…Estrogen receptor (ER) α and ERβ are expressed in adipose tissue 23,24) . ERα signaling is play an important role in the maintenance of adipose tissue function 25,26) . 17β-estradiol decreases triglycerides accumulation in adipocytes via ERα 27) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ovariectomy Causes Degeneration of Perivascular Adipose Tissue

et al. 2021

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IntroductionCardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of death worldwide. Sex reportedly affects the incidence and development rate of CVD. Until the age of early 40s, the incidence of CVD in women (1.3/1000 person-years) is lower than that in men (5.7/1000 person-years) of the same age 1) . However, when the age of late 60s is reached, this difference almost disappears, with an incidence of 22.1/1000 person-years for women and 26.7/1000 person-years for men 1) . The reason for the difference in pathology depending on sex is that estrogen, a female sex hormone, has a regulating effect on blood vessels 2, 3) , maintaining the integrity of blood vessels in premenopausal women. Menopause signals a decline in ovarian function, leading to a rapid decrease in estrogen, increasing the prevalence of vascular disease, and further increasing the risk of vascular disease in women with premature menopause 4,5) . Menopause is one of the risk factors for vascular disease, and understanding the vascular pathology characteristics of women is extremely important.

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“…Estrogen refers to a group of hormones (such as 17 b -estradiol, estrone and estriol) that are primarily secreted by the ovary of female animals and have the function of promoting the development of secondary sexual characteristics and the maturation of sexual organs in female animals (69). Estrogen acts through three different receptors: estrogen receptor a (ER a), estrogen receptor b (ER b) and G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER).…”

Section: Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In obese people, the increase in estrogen level is related to two factors: on the one hand, with the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, the level of estrogen secreted will also increase; on the other hand, it is closely related to white adipose tissue (WAT) and inflammation. White adipose tissue is one of the adipose tissue types (the other two main types are beige adipose tissue and brown adipose tissue), and WAT has the ability to secrete estrogen (69). Its ability is more prominent in obese people, because obesity is closely related to chronic fatty inflammation.…”

Section: Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Inflammation of white adipose tissue is related to the increase in the aromatase gene expression level and estrogen secretion, which can stimulate the expression of aromatase. Then aromatase converts androgen in adipose tissue into estrogen, which increases estrogen expression level (69,72,75). Aromatase is a rate limiting enzyme in estrogen biosynthesis.…”

Section: Estrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Targeting Adipokines in Obesity-Related Tumors

Chen

2021

Front. Oncol.

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Obesity, a global epidemic, is an independent risk factor for the occurrence and development of a variety of tumorigenesis, such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, ovarian cancer and colorectal cancer. Adipocytes are important endocrine cells in the tumor microenvironment of obesity-related tumors, which can secrete a variety of adipokines (such as leptin, adiponectin, estrogen, resistin, MIF and MCP-1, etc.), among which leptin, adiponectin and estrogen are the most in-depth and valuable ones. These adipokines are closely related to tumorigenesis and the progression of tumors. In recent years, more and more studies have shown that under chronic inflammatory conditions such as obesity, adipocytes secrete more adipokines to promote the tumorigenesis and development of tumors. However, it is worth noting that although adiponectin is also secreted by adipocytes, it has an anti-tumor effect, and can cross-talk with other adipokines (such as leptin and estrogen) and insulin to play an anti-tumor effect together. In addition, obesity is the main cause of insulin resistance, which can lead to the increase of the expression levels of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF). As important regulators of blood glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin and IGF also play an important role in the progress of obesity related tumors. In view of the important role of adipokines secreted by adipocytes and insulin/IGF in tumors, this article not only elaborates leptin, adiponectin and estrogen secreted by adipocytes and their mechanism of action in the development of obesity- related tumors, but also introduces the relationship between insulin/IGF, a regulator of lipid metabolism, and obesity related tumors. At the same time, it briefly describes the cancer-promoting mechanism of resistin, MIF and MCP-1 in obesity-related tumors, and finally summarizes the specific treatment opinions and measures for various adipokines and insulin/insulin-like growth factors in recent years.

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Impact of Estrogens on the Regulation of White, Beige, and Brown Adipose Tissue Depots

Cited by 20 publications

References 268 publications

Age, Sex, and Depot‐Specific Differences in Adipose‐Tissue Estrogen Receptors in Individuals with Obesity

Age, Sex, and Depot‐Specific Differences in Adipose‐Tissue Estrogen Receptors in Individuals with Obesity

Ovariectomy Causes Degeneration of Perivascular Adipose Tissue

Targeting Adipokines in Obesity-Related Tumors

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