Impact of Electronic Faucets and Water Quality on the Occurrence of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>in Water: A Multi-Hospital Study

Charron, Dominique; Bédard, Émilie; Lalancette, Cindy; Laferrière, Céline; Prévost, Michèle

doi:10.1017/ice.2014.46

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Water and aerator positivity were not significantly impacted by the connection pipe material, although it was reported as significant in previous studies. 17,19 As stated previously, copper affects culturability of P. aeruginosa, and previous studies evaluated positivity based on culture detection method. The present study suggests that viable and total water contamination is not significantly influenced by the connecting material.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…17,[30][31][32] In light of these findings, it is not surprising that all 2005 environmental outbreak investigation samples were negative for P. aeruginosa because these samples were collected after a 30-second flush. Furthermore, bacteria present in the water distribution system are exposed to stressors such as chlorine, copper, and high temperatures.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cultivation was performed according to ISO16266:2006, 26 as previously described. 17 Briefly, the water samples were filtered (0.45 μm pore-size filter), and the filters were incubated on cetrimide agar with 15 mg/L nalidixic acid at 37.5°C and colonies were counted after 24 hours and 48 hours. Using qPCR, the presence of P. aeruginosa was assessed by targeting the gyrB gene (Corbett Rotor-Gene 6000) for 50 cycles: 10 minutes initial denaturation (95°C), denaturation (95°C, 30s), and annealing and elongation (60°C, 90 s).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…15 A multicentric prospective study recently established tap contamination in patient rooms as an important environmental risk factor for P. aeruginosa acquisition. 16 Several factors promote water contamination, including the type of faucet, 9,17,18 the presence and type of aerator on the faucet, 19 the volume of mixed hot and cold water, 17 the alignment of the sink drain, 20 construction or renovation settings, and ICU vs non-ICU settings. 3,20 Once contaminated, eradication of P. aeruginosa in the water system is challenging and often results in replacing related devices 5,[7][8][9][10][11][12]14 or installing point-of-use 0.2-μm filters.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Post-Outbreak Investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Faucet Contamination by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Environmental Factors Affecting Positivity

Bédard

Laferrière

Charron

et al. 2015

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.

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OBJECTIVETo perform a post-outbreak prospective study of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa contamination at the faucets (water, aerator and drain) by culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and to assess environmental factors influencing occurrenceSETTINGA 450-bed pediatric university hospital in Montreal, CanadaMETHODSWater, aerator swab, and drain swab samples were collected from faucets and analyzed by culture and qPCR for the post-outbreak investigation. Water microbial and physicochemical parameters were measured, and a detailed characterization of the sink environmental and design parameters was performed.RESULTSThe outbreak genotyping investigation identified drains and aerators as the source of infection. The implementation of corrective measures was effective, but post-outbreak sampling using qPCR revealed 50% positivity for P. aeruginosa remaining in the water compared with 7% by culture. P. aeruginosa was recovered in the water, the aerator, and the drain in 21% of sinks. Drain alignment vs the faucet and water microbial quality were significant factors associated with water positivity, whereas P. aeruginosa load in the water was an average of 2 log higher for faucets with a positive aerator.CONCLUSIONSP. aeruginosa contamination in various components of sink environments was still detected several years after the resolution of an outbreak in a pediatric university hospital. Although contamination is often not detectable in water samples by culture, P. aeruginosa is present and can recover its culturability under favorable conditions. The importance of having clear maintenance protocols for water systems, including the drainage components, is highlighted.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2015;36(11):1283–1291

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Post-Outbreak Investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Faucet Contamination by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Environmental Factors Affecting Positivity

Bédard

Laferrière

Charron

et al. 2015

Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol.

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“…and the apparatus such as ice cube machines, dental units that are connected to the water system as well as the waste water drains may be increased risk factors for biofilm formation causing a risk of infections [25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. Thus, it is an extremely complicated system that may lead to an increased risk of biofilm formation in the water system and thereby increase the risk for nosocomial water-borne infections in the health care system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Andersen¹,

Høg²,

Joensen³

2017

JLS

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Drinking water may be a risk factor for human infections if the water supply is contaminated with biofilm producing bacteria such as Legionella pneumophilae or Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Several situations have to be considered when water supply to new buildings is planned. The aim of this paper is to review situations that have to be considered in new buildings and give an example on a new water supply contaminated with biofilm producing water bacteria and the precautions introduced to eliminate the contamination. When new buildings are planned it should be considered where to get the water and what is the microbiological quality of the water. If the water is contaminated there will be troubles from the beginning. The material for the pipes should be considered as biofilm which is produced in greater amounts and faster in PEG pipes than in stainless steel pipes. The choice of material depends on the expected lifetime of the building, the dimensions of the pipes, and the choice of forceps, how often the taps are used and thereby the flow in the system. The higher flow the less and slower biofilm formation. It is important to reduce the number of taps to a minimum to ovoid "dead ends" if they are not or only seldom used. Alternatively all taps could be opened automatically regularly. It is important to establish precautions to ovoid contamination of the water system in the period from when it is established until the building is taken in use. The period can be several months during which the system can act as a "dead end" if no precautions, such as regularly opening of all taps, are taken. The microbiological quality of the water in the system should be controlled before the building is taken in use. In a new building, where the water supply and the water in the building was not controlled before the building was taken in use, extremely high total and Legionella germ counts were found. The water was disinfected with low concentrations of chloride with very little effect. After disinfection with high concentrations of chloride for few hours and placing a sterile filter at the water entrance both the total and Legionella germ count decreased to an acceptable level.

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Guideline for Hand Hygiene

Croke¹

2022

AORN Journal

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Impact of Electronic Faucets and Water Quality on the Occurrence ofPseudomonas aeruginosain Water: A Multi-Hospital Study

Cited by 36 publications

References 31 publications

Post-Outbreak Investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Faucet Contamination by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Environmental Factors Affecting Positivity

Post-Outbreak Investigation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Faucet Contamination by Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction and Environmental Factors Affecting Positivity

Risk of Getting Nosocomial Water-Borne Infections from the Main Water Systems in Hospitals

Guideline for Hand Hygiene

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