Impact of curing time on ageing and degradation of phenol-urea-formaldehyde binder

Okhrimenko, Denis V.; Thomsen, Anne Belinda; Ceccato, Marcel; Johansson, Dorte B.; Lybye, Dorthe; Bechgaard, K.; Tougaard, S.; Stipp, S. L. S.

doi:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.04.001

Cited by 20 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…The high resolutions of the XPS C 1s spectra of cured BPF and PF films during UV weathering are shown in Figure 4 and quantification of chemical state curve fitting are listed in Table 2 [28]. With the prolonging of aging time, the peak area of C–C/C–H at 284.8 eV decreased because of the oxidation on the resin surface by aging.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Chang

et al. 2018

Polymers

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The aging properties of phenol-formaldehyde resin modified by bio-oil (BPF) were analyzed using ultraviolet (UV) weathering. The variations on bonding strength of BPF were measured, and the changes on microstructure, atomic composition and chemical structure of BPF were characterized by using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), respectively. With the increase of aging time, the bonding strength decreased gradually, the resin surface became rougher and the O/C radio of resin surface increased. However, the loss rate of bonding strength of BPFs was 9.6–23.0% lower than that of phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) after aging 960 h. The aging degree of BPF surfaces was smaller in comparison to PF at the same aging time. These results showed that the bio-oil had a positive effect on the anti-aging property. Analytical results revealed that with increasing the aging time, the XPS peak area of C–C/C–H decreased, while that of C=O and O–C=O increased. The intensity of methylene and ether bridges in NMR analysis decreased along with increasing the intensity of aldehydes, ketones, acids and esters. These results indicated that the aging mechanism of BPF was a process of the breakage of molecular chains and formation of oxygen-containing compounds.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Chang

et al. 2018

Polymers

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“…A limit to the amount of urea added to the resole is observed where further additions lead to a reduction in the binder strength. [ 15,24 ] Urea is also thought to contribute towards the production of trimethylamine (TMA), which thermally degrades to produce an undesirable “fishy” odor. [ 39 ] Urea produced from this thermal degradation, along with any residual free urea present in the binder, contributes towards the formation of ammonia which is subsequently released as a VOC.…”

Section: Methods Of Formaldehyde Reduction In Pf Resole Binders For M...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Manufacture Of Mineral Wool Insulation Using Phenol‐formalde...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22] The organosilane acts as a coupling agent between the mineral fibers and binder, undergoing a series of reactions ultimately resulting in covalent bond formation between glass fiber surfaces (Scheme 2). [15,[23][24][25] Silicones act as a hydrophobic barrier that enhances the water-resistant properties of the mineral wool. [26,27] Ammonia ensures that the binder has a basic pH, usually between 8 and 10.…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Low Formaldehyde Binders for Mineral Wool Insulation: A Review

Bennett

Allan²,

Garden

et al. 2022

Global Challenges

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Insulating materials are ubiquitous in a built environment and play a critical role in reducing the energy consumed to maintain habitable indoor environments. Mineral wool insulation (MWI) products, including glass, stone, and slag variants, are the most widely used class of insulating materials in Europe and account for more than 50% of the total market by volume. MWI typically consists of two key components: a mesh of inorganic fibers that are several micrometers in diameter, and an organic thermosetting adhesive commonly referred to as the “binder.” Traditional phenol‐formaldehyde‐urea (PFU) binders used in the manufacture of MWI are increasingly being scrutinized for the formaldehyde released during their manufacture and service lifetime. The recent classification of formaldehyde as a carcinogen by various safety organizations has accelerated a paradigm shift within the industry toward alternative binder technologies that minimize or indeed eliminate formaldehyde emissions. This review examines more recent strategies for achieving low‐ or zero‐added formaldehyde binders for MWI, with a particular focus on the patent literature. The chemistry underpinning traditional PFU binders is presented and compared to new strategies involving scavenging molecules that decrease formaldehyde emissions, as well as zero‐added formaldehyde binder technologies such as polyester, Maillard, and epoxide thermosets.

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“…The resin application as a binder during the production process is unavoidable as it is required to bind the rock wool fiber together after the molten rock fiber has been cooled down by air [ 56 ]. The amount of resin is small, typically in 1:10 wt% of the rock wool, but it can affect the properties of waste rock wool and increase the difficulty of recycling waste rock wool [ 57 ]. Another common contaminant is mycological substances, for example, fungi, present in a humid environment [ 58 ].…”

Section: Waste Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste Mineral Wool and Its Opportunities—A Review

et al. 2021

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Massive waste rock wool was generated globally and it caused substantial environmental issues such as landfill and leaching. However, reviews on the recyclability of waste rock wool are scarce. Therefore, this study presents an in-depth review of the characterization and potential usability of waste rock wool. Waste rock wool can be characterized based on its physical properties, chemical composition, and types of contaminants. The review showed that waste rock wool from the manufacturing process is more workable to be recycled for further application than the post-consumer due to its high purity. It also revealed that the pre-treatment method—comminution is vital for achieving mixture homogeneity and enhancing the properties of recycled products. The potential application of waste rock wool is reviewed with key results emphasized to demonstrate the practicality and commercial viability of each option. With a high content of chemically inert compounds such as silicon dioxide (SiO2), calcium oxide (CaO), and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) that improve fire resistance properties, waste rock wool is mainly repurposed as fillers in composite material for construction and building materials. Furthermore, waste rock wool is potentially utilized as an oil, water pollutant, and gas absorbent. To sum up, waste rock wool could be feasibly recycled as a composite material enhancer and utilized as an absorbent for a greener environment.

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Impact of curing time on ageing and degradation of phenol-urea-formaldehyde binder

Cited by 20 publications

References 45 publications

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Aging Properties of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin Modified by Bio-Oil Using UV Weathering

Low Formaldehyde Binders for Mineral Wool Insulation: A Review

Waste Mineral Wool and Its Opportunities—A Review

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