Impact of climate variability in the western Mediterranean during the last 20,000 years: oceanic and atmospheric responses

Zooming into the Mediterranean outflow fossil moat during the 1.2–1.8millionyears period (Early-Pleistocene) — An approach by radiogenic and stable isotopes

“…Table 1). K, Mg and Fe have been associated with continental detrital phyllosilicates weathering (Rodrigo-Gámiz et al, 2011), and here are found over glacial times. Instead, Ti and Si have been usually linked to wind-blown dust inputs from the Sahara (Moreno et al, 2001(Moreno et al, , 2002Jullien et al, 2007;Jiménez-Espejo et al, 2008).…”

“…IODP Expedition 339 in the northern Gulf of Cadiz provided the first paleoceanographic-oriented PlioPleistocene records to scrutinize the evolution of MOW and its implications into the Atlantic Ocean circulation (Hernández-Molina et al, have shown that MOW in the Gulf of Cadiz is forced directly by the formation of WMDW (Western Mediterranean Deep Water) in the Mediterranean during arid cold glacials (and stadials) over the LatePleistocene (Moreno et al, 2005;Cacho et al, 2006;Voelker et al, 2006;Rogerson et al, 2006;Rodrigo-Gámiz et al, 2011). The contribution and specially the volume of salty Mediterranean waters to the Atlantic has a great impact on the strength of Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during interglaciations (McManus et al, 2004;Gherardi et al, 2005;Voelker et al, 2006;Rogerson et al, 2006;Böhm et al, 2015) and global climate.…”

Paleoclimate and paleoceanography over the past 20,000 yr in the Mediterranean Sea Basins as indicated by sediment elemental proxies

“…Al-normalized concentrations have been therefore used in numerous sediment records to reconstruct paleoclimate and paleoceanographic changes in both the eastern and western Mediterranean basins ( Fig. 2; Table supplementary material) (e.g., Brumsack, 1999, 2000;Calvert and Fontugne, 2001;Moreno et al, 2002Moreno et al, , 2004Jim enez-Espejo et al, 2007Rodrigo-G amiz et al, 2011;Nieto-Moreno et al, 2011, 2013a. In general, the Alnormalized ratios have offered important insights into past climate variations, providing a detailed reconstruction of paleoclimate fluctuations, climate cycles and forcing mechanisms associated at regional and global scales (for a detailed list of Mediterranean sites see Table in Supplementary material).…”

“…Meyers and Arnaboldi, 2005;Rohling et al, 2006). Although elemental ratios from western Mediterranean records have not been investigated as thoroughly as other paleoceanographic proxies, the available elemental ratios profiles (Table Supplementary material) have offered valuable information on climate fluctuations in this basin and their relationships to high latitude climates (e.g., Moreno et al, 2002Moreno et al, , 2005Jim enez-Espejo et al, 2007Nieto-Moreno et al, 2011, 2013a, 2015Rodrigo-G amiz et al, 2011Rodrigo-G amiz et al, , 2014a.…”

Radiogenic isotopes for deciphering terrigenous input provenance in the western Mediterranean

“…mineralogical, geochemical and sedimentological analysis from this record have been used to reconstruct the climate variability in terms of atmospheric and oceanic responses as well as to identify eolian input variations since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) (Rodrigo-Gámiz et al, 2011, 2014a. However, the terrigenous provenance had not been described yet.…”