“…3 Atrial remodeling can be distinguished as having electrical, functional, and structural properties. 8,9 We previously reported that a longer PA-TDI combined with a higher LAVI on preprocedural echocardiography predicted AF recurrence after RFCA, 10 but this method lacked assessment of functional remodeling. Especially, the relationships between such changes and AF recurrence after RFCA for PAF are not well understood.…”