Success rates can be improved for PAF ablation if non-PV foci are detected and eliminated.

Presence of either resting or exercise-induced LAH identified AF patients with a distinct clinical profile, extensive LA substrate, and different clinical response to catheter ablation. Stratification of AF patients based on the LA exercise hemodynamics could help in the future to tailor the ablation strategy.

Background The role of nonpulmonary vein (PV) triggers ablation in persistent atrial fibrillation (PEAF) was suggested but it is still under debate. Objectives We aimed to assess the effectiveness of non‐PV trigger‐targeted ablation for patients with PEAF. Methods Consecutive patients with PEAF undergoing catheter ablation (CA) between January 2015 and April 2017 were enrolled. Isoproterenol plus adenosine challenge was performed to provoke non‐PV triggers. Non‐PV triggers were defined as the trigger beats inducing AF (non‐PV AF triggers) and/or frequent premature contractions (non‐PV PACs) from other than PVs. Three groups were defined: Group 1 (n = 186) without non‐PV triggers; Group 2 (n = 65) with non‐PV triggers that could be completely eliminated with CA; Group 3 (n = 49) with non‐PV triggers still inducible after CA. The primary endpoint was freedom from any atrial tachyarrhythmia (ATa) recurrence. Results A total of 300 patients (230 males, age 64 ± 10) were enrolled. The mean follow‐up period was 27 ± 10 months. Freedom from ATa recurrence at 1 and 2 years were significantly lower in Group 3 compared to the other two groups (Group 1; 74.7%, 67.2% vs. Group 2; 75.8%, 68.3% vs. Group 3: 52.1%, 38.6%, p = .0005), irrespective of the type of non‐PV triggers (non‐PV AF triggers vs. non‐PV PACs). On multivariate analysis, unsuccessful elimination of non‐PV triggers was an independent predictor for ATa recurrence (hazard ratio = 1.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–2.95, p = .026). Conclusion Successful non‐PV triggers elimination can improve the ATa recurrence rate in PEAF ablation. ATa recurrence rate is higher, if non‐PV AF triggers or even non‐PV PACs remain in patients with PEAF.

This is the first clinical case showing the differential effect of GP ablation on SA and AV nodal function, and critical importance of targeting the GP at the postero-inferior left atrium. The successful procedure corroborates clinical utility of ablation treatment instead of pacemaker implantation in selected patients with cardio-inhibitory NMS.

The causative organism is mostly S. aureus and CoNS. Detection of S. aureus or Gram-negative bacteria means that it is more likely a causative organism.