“…The upper ocean is influenced by TCs (e.g., Price, 1981Price, , 1983Price et al, 1994), and the feedback affects the TC development (e.g., Bruneau et al, 2018;D'Asaro et al, 2007;Halliwell et al, 2015;Schade & Emanuel, 1999). Thus, oceanic observations have been assimilated in the TC forecast systems, including both in situ (e.g., Dong et al, 2017;Goni et al, 2017) and satellite (e.g., Halliwell, Mehari, Shay et al, 2017) observations. However, the spatial coverage of in situ observations is quite limited, especially in the coastal regions, and the satellite observations can be infrequent, impacted by clouds, and are of coarse resolution.…”