“…In the past 100 years, the increase in temperature and rainfall variability, as well as changes in natural environment, has changed the quantity, quality and spatiotemporal distribution of groundwater resources (Li et al, 2019;Cui et al, 2020). Simultaneously, the interference of anthropogenic activities on groundwater has increased (Acharyya and Achiransu 2014;Yihdego et al, 2017b;Li et al, 2018b;He and Wu 2019a;Khan et al, 2020), which has changed the evolution of the groundwater environment from a single naturally driven model to a dual naturally-artificially driven mode (Wang et al, 2006). Quantitative research on the influence of climate change and anthropogenic activities on groundwater is a hot but challenging topic in the field of hydrology and water resources (Wang et al, 2011;Li 2014;Li et al, 2018b), and is of great significance for protecting groundwater resources and promoting the sustainable development of the groundwater environment.…”