Impact of allocation factors on electric power system control

Calculation of Nodal Prices for Heat Energy in Heat Supply Systems

“…From [10] it is known that the use of optimality conditions based on the method of indeterminate Lagrange multipliers to solve the problem of finding the optimal modes of НSS on energy criterion (minimum of the total losses to overcome friction in HSS compliance with the material balance at the nodes and end ratio) allows to determine the values of the variables of the objective function and optimal values of the Lagrange multipliers, which are interpreted as nodal pressure in the HSS. Thus, to jump to the definition of nodal prices for heat energy, it is enough to formulate the problem of finding the optimal modes in HSS on the economic criterion, as it is formulated, for example, the power industry [2][3][4][5][6], namely search minimum total cost of production and transportation of heat energy in HSS:…”

“…To assess the effectiveness of the functioning and development of HSS in the market conditions, a transition to nodal (differentiated) calculation of prices for heat energy is required, which will allow taking into account the real costs of covering the heat load of each specific consumer. This approach (nodal price calculation) is well established in the power industry [2][3][4][5][6]. The calculation of nodal prices is based on modes optimization of the established modes of electric power systems based on the criterion of the minimum total cost of electricity production.…”

Study on energy balance calculation of the electric network

“…In this regard, the problem arises of calculating the technical losses of electrical energy, which are the main component of the standard losses of electrical energy. A large number of studies are devoted to the problem of calculating the technical losses of electrical energy, for example [10,11]. However, at present, in the field of calculating the technical losses of electrical energy, new problems arise related to the need to determine the responsibility of the participants in energy exchange for these losses.…”