Impact of a Medium-Size Wave Farm on Grids of Different Strength Levels

Blavette, Anne; O’Sullivan, Don; Alcorn, Raymond; Lewis, Tony; Egan, M.G.

doi:10.1109/tpwrs.2013.2284513

Cited by 44 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 8 publications

(6 reference statements)

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“…WECs have been identified as particularly susceptible to induce flicker [1][2][3][4]. The combination of the weak grid (which could be the case with an island or a near-shore distribution grid) and production fluctuations can cause flicker non-compliance, relative to the grid code requirements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). Some studies has already been made on the flicker severity, but are often limited: [3] [5] are interested in one device type (OWC) and one control strategy for one sea-state for a 22 and 6 units wave farm respectively, with investigation of only two wave directions. In [6], one type of device (OWC) is investigated with two different controls for several sea-states and different wave farm sizes but does not investigate architecture and wave direction.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wave farm flicker severity: Comparative analysis and solutions

et al. 2016

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This paper proposes a flicker severity study for Wave Energy Converter farms. The flicker severity is introduced and the reason why it is an important constraint for a wave farm is explained. A new representation called intrinsic flicker severity is introduced which describes the flicker severity independently of the grid. The influence of device type, its control and the sea-state on average production, flicker severity and on the ratio between flicker and production are studied with three types of devices: an Oscillating Water Column and two Direct Wave Energy Converters (two point absorbers: a Heaving Buoy and the SEAREV). The influence of the size and the placement of each unit in the wave farm is presented with a farm-unit flicker ratio, compared with the square-root of unit hypothesis (noise behavior), as a function of wave direction by taking into account wave direction dispersion. Finally, solutions are presented to reduce the flicker produced to comply with grid code requirements in order to allow grid integration of wave farms.Keywords: Wave Energy, Wave Farm, Power Quality, Flicker, Oscilating Water Colum, Electrical Energy Storage IntroductionIntegration to the grid is one of the keys to commercializing Wave Energy Converters (WECs). However, some WEC technologies produce power that fluctuates at the rate of ocean waves. Some of them have intrinsic energy storage from the pneumatic or hydraulic chain, but can still have other issues, like efficiency and reliability.When the produced power fluctuates at frequencies between 5 mHz and 33 Hz, the induced rms-voltage fluctuations can cause power quality problems at the grid connection point. WECs have been identified as particularly susceptible to induce flicker [1][2][3][4]. The combination of the weak grid (which could be the case with an island or a near-shore distribution grid) and production fluctuations can cause flicker non-compliance, relative to the grid code requirements. In order to analyze this issue, a new representation called intrinsic flicker is proposed in order to represent the results under several conditions; such as grid characteristics and reactive power injection.Wave farm flicker severity depends on several influences; device type, different controls, sea-states, sizes of farms and architecture of farm. A comparison of different device types is proposed here: oscillating water column (OWC), heaving buoy, and the SEAREV (see Fig. 1). Some studies has already been * thibaut.kovaltchouk@ens-rennes.fr

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wave farm flicker severity: Comparative analysis and solutions

et al. 2016

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“…In particular, flicker, a power quality criteria, has been identified as an important constraint for wave energy [1], [2], [3]. Indeed, the combination of the weak grid (which can be the case with a near-shore distribution grid) and fluctuations in production can cause significant flicker non-compliance.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between centralized and decentralized storage energy management for Direct Wave Energy Converter Farm

Kovaltchouk

Blavette

Ahmed

et al. 2015

2015 Tenth International Conference on Ecological Vehicles and Renewable Energies (EVER)

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International audienceThis article compares the sizes of an Energy Storage System (ESS) with two control types in order to smooth a Direct Wave Energy Converter (DWEC) Farm Production, namely a centralized one that deals with the PCC power and a decentralized one that deals with each unit power production. The main objective is to compare the two controls on the basis of their life cycle cost. The SEAREV project is the Direct Wave Energy Converter used as an example in this paper. The ESS is necessary for grid integration in the case considered here due to the flicker constraint, which is not being satisfied without storage. The optimization strategies for both the sizing and the management of an Energy Storage System (ESS) will be described: the rule-based energy management approach depends on the State of Energy of this ESS as well as the power produced by the DWEC unit or the DWEC farm. This management strategy has been optimized for each size in order to reduce aging speed while strictly respecting the flicker criterion. The final design is expected to minimize total system cost. The centralized control clearly allowed smaller capacity, but has some drawbacks for the losses in the rest of the farm

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“…Bearing in mind the high dependence of flicker severity on the network X/R ratio and the power factor setting of the flicker source as explained in [8] and [9], active power smoothing provides a flicker-mitigation solution that is independent of the network impedance as well as the desired renewable generator reactive power behavior. Active power fluctuations smoothing as a flicker mitigation solution was particularly studied in [7] and [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Short-Term Energy Storage System for Voltage Quality Improvement in Distributed Wind Power

Ammar

Joós

2014

IEEE Trans. Energy Convers.

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Wind power (WP) penetration in weak distribution networks is associated with adverse impacts on voltage quality. The installation of an energy storage system (ESS) is a possible voltage quality remedy in such milieus. This paper proposes a supercapacitor ESS for alleviation of voltage flicker resulting from WP integration. The proposed ESS control and management are tailored to that purpose such that the ESS offsets the flicker-producing fluctuations in the generated WP. The proposed power sizing of the ESS is defined by the estimated turbulence intensity and wind speed average at the installation site. A 2 MW wind generator of the doubly fed induction generator type is employed as a source of WP and simulations are conducted on a simplified test system, as well as a detailed 25 kV distribution network on which results are compared with acknowledged reactive power flicker mitigation approaches and verified by prototyping in a real-time simulation platform. The flicker measurement procedure is conducted per IEC Standard 61000-4-15.

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Impact of a Medium-Size Wave Farm on Grids of Different Strength Levels

Cited by 44 publications

References 8 publications

Wave farm flicker severity: Comparative analysis and solutions

Wave farm flicker severity: Comparative analysis and solutions

Comparison between centralized and decentralized storage energy management for Direct Wave Energy Converter Farm

A Short-Term Energy Storage System for Voltage Quality Improvement in Distributed Wind Power

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