Impact-ionization field-effect-transistor based biosensors for ultra-sensitive detection of biomolecules

Sarkar, Deblina; Gossner, Harald; Hänsch, W.; Banerjee, Kaustav

doi:10.1063/1.4804577

Cited by 26 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Since then, the use of FET-based biosensors continues to be a very active area of research [2]- [10]. Existing FET-based biosensors predominantly use the V T shift caused by the presence of the target biomolecules as a sensing parameter [2]- [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Existing FET-based biosensors predominantly use the V T shift caused by the presence of the target biomolecules as a sensing parameter [2]- [8]. Increasingly, nanowire-based sensors use the change in the device current as a sensing parameter [9], [10]. One of the main parameters determining biosensor's performance is its sensitivity in detecting biomolecular immobilization [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the exponential current versus gate voltage relationship in the subthreshold regime of an FET, a higher sensitivity is achieved when an FET-based biosensor is biased in the subthreshold regime [11]. Biosensors based on steep subthreshold slope devices have been recently proposed with significantly increased sensitivities compared with the conventional FET biosensors [4], [9], [10]. The increased sensitivity arises because of their ability to overcome the Boltzmann limit on the subthreshold slope for the conventional FET biosensors [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The increased sensitivity arises because of their ability to overcome the Boltzmann limit on the subthreshold slope for the conventional FET biosensors [9]. In addition, the response time of steep subthreshold slope biosensors is significantly reduced [9], [10]. This is because the response time is directly proportional to the subthreshold swing (SS) [9], and a lower SS is achieved with the use of steep subthreshold slope transistors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This is because the response time is directly proportional to the subthreshold swing (SS) [9], and a lower SS is achieved with the use of steep subthreshold slope transistors. The impact-ionization FET (IFET) reported in [10] is the first reported I-MOS-based biosensor, and is followed by another study on dielectric-modulated I-MOS biosensor reported in [4]. The I-MOS transistor is a gated p-i-n diode, with the channel inversion charge modulated by the gate voltage and resulting in the drain-source voltage to appear across the intrinsic region outside the gate region [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Charge-Modulated Underlap I-MOS Transistor as a Label-Free Biosensor: A Simulation Study

Kannan

Kumar

2015

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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The possibility of fast label-free detection of biomolecules using electronic devices has resulted in an increased focus on developing such biosensing devices and optimizing their structure for enhanced performance. One of the main factors that determine biosensor's performance is its sensitivity. A high sensitivity in detecting biomolecules is achieved with FET-based biosensors by biasing the device in the subthreshold regime. Recent works have shown the possibility of significantly increased sensitivity in detecting biomolecules using emerging steep subthreshold slope FETs as label-free biosensors. A lower subthreshold swing, achievable with steep subthreshold slope devices, also results in a faster response time for the biosensor. The impact-ionization MOS (I-MOS) transistor can achieve very steep subthreshold slopes as it is turned ON abruptly due to the impact ionization phenomenon. In this paper, we propose an underlap I-MOS (UI-MOS) transistor sensor for the label-free detection of the charged biomolecules. The UI-MOS is a three-terminal device with an underlap in the middle of the gate electrode serving as the location for immobilization by biomolecules. The gate electrode of the UI-MOS offers the advantage of individual addressability of biosensors in a sensor array. The compatibility of the UI-MOS with the CMOS process enables monolithic integration with the measurement circuitry.Using the TCAD simulation, we demonstrate that a biosensor based on the UI-MOS is highly sensitive to the presence of charged biomolecules. The UI-MOS, when operating in the linear regime, also experiences a large threshold voltage (V T ) shift due to the presence of biomolecules. The performance of UI-MOS is found to be less sensitive to gate-oxide thickness variations, and shows high sensitivity for a range of gate and underlap lengths. The very high sensitivity of the UI-MOS biosensor and its compatibility with the existing CMOS processes make it an exciting alternative to the conventional FET-based biosensors.Index Terms-Biomolecule, charge, FETs, gate underlap, impact ionization, impact ionization MOS (I-MOS), sensitivity, sensor. 0018-9383

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Charge-Modulated Underlap I-MOS Transistor as a Label-Free Biosensor: A Simulation Study

Kannan

Kumar

2015

IEEE Trans. Electron Devices

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Conclusion and Perspectives

2019

Junctionless Field‐Effect Transistors

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Work Function‐Based Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Hydrogen Sensor and Its Functionality: A Review

Sahoo

Kale

2021

Adv Materials Inter

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Solar PV and wind energy conversion systems convert input energy directly to electricity, are techno-economically viable, and have already achieved grid parity. [3,4] Though renewables fulfill most modern energysource criteria, they still possess low energy density, are challenging to transport, less efficient, costly, and are intrinsically intermittent, thus requiring a storage media.Hydrogen, a less popular renewable, can be used as a fuel as apart from being abundant gas, possesses high energy density, [5] exhibits better combustion characteristics, [5] owes a nonpolluting nature, [6] and has several other favorable properties, listed in Table 1. Hydrogen is a promising alternative energy source [6,7] that overcomes most of the challenges faced by classical renewables.Figure 2 describes hydrogen energy transformation from primary energy sources to the end-users in an integrated way. The hydrogen production, storage, transportation and delivery, application, awareness and capacity building, safety codes and standards are all interrelated to form the hydrogen energy system. The two prime methods of producing hydrogen are i) from the conventional process, and ii) using renewable energy sources (such as biomass, solar, wind, and hydro). Hydrogen possesses significantly higher gravimetric energy density than other storage techniques (such as batteries, pumped hydropower, supercapacitors, Flywheels, pressurized air). The use of abundant renewable energy when available, hydrogen production, and storage is an optimal choice. Hydrogen can be stored as pressurized gas or as a cryogenic liquid or solid fuel. [27] Storage of hydrogen as a gas typically requires high-pressure tanks (350-700 bar tank pressure). Due to the low boiling point (−252.8 °C at atmospheric pressure), liquid hydrogen storage requires cryogenic temperature.The conventional conversion of fossil fuel feedstock to hydrogen includes steam-methane reforming, thermal cracking of natural gas, thermal decomposition (partial oxidation) of heavy oil, catalytic decomposition of natural gas, coal gasification, and steam-iron coal gasification. [20][21][22][23][24][25] When released into the atmosphere, the conventional methods generate CO 2 as a by-product, assisting global warming. The generation of renewable hydrogen makes it more economical and environmentally benign. Electrolysis uses electrical power supplied from renewables to produce hydrogen and oxygen. Biomass routes Hydrogen, a nonpolluting gas, is emerging as an ideal, suitable, and economical energy carrier. The current global non-carbon hydrogen production is 105.8 MW in 2020 and is expected to reach 218 MW in 2021. Hydrogen possesses low ignition energy of 0.017 mJ and reacts exothermically with air, posing severe safety challenges. Humanly undetectable gas needs accurate and sensitive sensors to prevent accidents. Amongst different hydrogen sensors currently developed, work function-based sensors are sensitive, selective, costeffective, smaller in size, less susceptible to environmental change, an...

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Impact-ionization field-effect-transistor based biosensors for ultra-sensitive detection of biomolecules

Cited by 26 publications

References 17 publications

Charge-Modulated Underlap I-MOS Transistor as a Label-Free Biosensor: A Simulation Study

Charge-Modulated Underlap I-MOS Transistor as a Label-Free Biosensor: A Simulation Study

Conclusion and Perspectives

Work Function‐Based Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Hydrogen Sensor and Its Functionality: A Review

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