“…As for the Kirkpatrick model, there is a lack of evidence to prove the cause-effect relationship between the levels, but most studies still use the Kirkpatrick model to evaluate the effectiveness of educational training, and the results have high reliability and validity (Alsalamah and Callinan, 2021b; Badu, 2013; Chen et al ., 2018; Dehghani and Raadabadi, 2019; Farjad, 2012; Fadhilah et al ., 2018; Labayo, 2022; Srivastava and Walia, 2018; Terttiaavini et al ., 2020). In summary, the Kirkpatrick model is an appropriate tool for analyzing the effectiveness of school-wide thematic teaching and learning in this study.…”