Impact analysis of different operation strategies for battery energy storage systems providing primary control reserve

Fleer, Johannes; Stenzel, Peter

doi:10.1016/j.est.2016.02.003

Cited by 91 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The technical framework concerning the amount of energy that has to be reserved in the future to have access to the PCR market is still uncertain due to different regulations on a national and European level and may results in a E2P‐ratio of 2:1 for LiB . This is the same E2P‐ratio applied for the VRFB in this study.…”

Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The variable E2P‐ratio of the VRFB might therefore be an advantage in case of changing technical requirements. Nonetheless, from a economic point of view LiB (if possible with a E2P‐ratio of 1:1 or even better 0.5:1) seem preferable, as in 80 % of the time the BSS has to provide less than ± 10 % of its pre‐qualified power, due to lower CAPEX.…”

Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For further simplification it is assumed that the energy can always be traded and that the annual average intra‐day price for a 15‐minute product is constant. Based on a value‐added tax of 19 % on costs and revenues, as well as an electricity tax on the traded energy of 20.50 EUR/MWh has be taken into account. The tax and duty charge for electricity storage is currently in dispute, the energy tax has to be paid in any case .…”

Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

et al. 2018

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Summary Primary control reserve and maximising self‐consumption are currently two of the main applications for large‐scale battery storage systems. Although being currently the most profitable application for large‐scale batteries in Germany, storage systems applying primary control reserve have not been implemented in a grid supportive manner in distribution grids yet. Despite a current unfavourable regulatory framework and reimbursement scheme for community electricity storages in Germany, they are potentially more profitable than residential storages, which is mainly due to their economy of scale, and thus they may become the major large scale battery application in the future. The two applications: primary control reserve and maximising self‐consumption, are combined with a grid supportive behaviour by providing reactive power control and/or peak shaving and are fitted to a vanadium redox flow battery prototype, which is installed in a distribution grid in southern Germany. Based on measured data from the prototype, two battery models for two different time resolutions (1s, 1min) are presented in detail along with their respective operation models. The operation strategy model for primary control reserve comprises the so‐called degrees of freedom used to reduce the energy needed to recharge the battery. The operation strategy to maximise self‐consumption is based on a persistence forecast. The model for the operation strategy for a grid supportive primary control reserve was validated in a field test revealing a relative error of 2.5 % between the simulated and measured state of charge of the battery for a multi‐week time period. The technical assessment of both applications shows that the use of the degrees of freedom can reduce the energy to recharge the battery by 20 %; and in the case of self‐consumption, the curtailment losses can be kept under 1 %. The economic assessment, however, indicates that even for the most promising primary control reserve case, the investment costs of vanadium redox flow batteries must be reduced by at least 30 % in order to break even. Finally, the encouraging key finding is that the negative impact of a grid supportive behaviour, additionally to its primary purpose, is less than 1 % of the revenues. This may encourage distribution grid and battery operators to consider the integration of large scale batteries in distribution grids as part of the solution of a rising share of a decentralised renewable energy generation.

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Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodology Of the Techno‐economic Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

et al. 2018

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“…For instance, in the ELECTRA project, innovative control schemes are being investigated in order to assess whether conventional frequency and voltage controlling approaches are still suitable, or which aspects need to be revised for scenarios with massive amounts of small distributed energy resources [1,2]. It is argued that TSOs alone will not be able to effectively manage the overall system balance and will have to partially delegate frequency control responsibility to DSOs as already happens today for congestions management and volt-reactive power provision [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Marinelli

Martinenas

Knezović

et al. 2016

Journal of Energy Storage

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“…A commercial strategy for operating energy storage in supporting integration of renewable generation is introduced in [20]. Different charging control strategies are proposed in [21], comparing the estimate of battery ageing [22] and maximizing both the service continuity and the BESS profitability [15]. A non-conventional droop-control law was proposed in [23].…”

Section: Bess Integration For Supplying Primary Control Reserve (Pcr)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems in Hydroelectric Plants for Supplying Primary Control Reserve

et al. 2017

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Abstract:The ever-growing diffusion of renewables as electrical generation sources is forcing the electrical power system to face new and challenging regulation problems to preserve grid stability. Among these, the primary control reserve is reckoned to be one of the most important issues, since the introduction of generators based on renewable energies and interconnected through static converters, if relieved from the primary reserve contribution, reduces both the system inertia and the available power reserve in case of network events involving frequency perturbations. In this scenario, renewable plants such as hydroelectric run-of-river generators could be required to provide the primary control reserve ancillary service. In this paper, the integration between a multi-unit run-of-river power plant and a lithium-ion based battery storage system is investigated, suitably accounting for the ancillary service characteristics as required by present grid codes. The storage system is studied in terms of maximum economic profitability, taking into account its operating constraints. Dynamic simulations are carried out within the DIgSILENT PowerFactory 2016 software environment in order to analyse the plant response in case of network frequency contingencies, comparing the pure hydroelectric plant with the hybrid one, in which the primary reserve is partially or completely supplied by the storage system. Results confirm that the battery storage system response to frequency perturbations is clearly faster and more accurate during the transient phase compared to a traditional plant, since time delays due to hydraulic and mechanical regulations are overpassed. A case study, based on data from an existing hydropower plant and referring to the Italian context in terms of operational constraints and ancillary service remuneration, is presented.

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Impact analysis of different operation strategies for battery energy storage systems providing primary control reserve

Cited by 91 publications

References 21 publications

Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

Technical and economic comparison of grid supportive vanadium redox flow batteries for primary control reserve and community electricity storage in Germany

Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Integration of Lithium-Ion Battery Storage Systems in Hydroelectric Plants for Supplying Primary Control Reserve

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