Validating a centralized approach to primary frequency control with series-produced electric vehicles

Management of Power Quality Issues in Low Voltage Networks Using Electric Vehicles: Experimental Validation

“…Thus power quality is often used to express voltage quality, current quality, reliability of service, etc. While frequency regulation is a system wide service, experimentally addressed in previous work [23], this paper is focusing on the other main aspect of power quality in LV networks i.e. voltage quality.…”

Grid frequency support by single-phase electric vehicles: Fast primary control enhanced by a stabilizer algorithm

“…To assure room to increase and decrease the charging level equally (±5 A), the EVs' initial current set-point is 11 A, the central point. Technically, EVs are largely capable of satisfying the requirements in terms of activation time for participating in the Danish market for primary frequency reserve in both the synchronous regions DK1 and DK2 [12]. In fact, DK1 requires the supply of the first half of the activated reserve within 15 s and the rest within 30 s, while DK2 requires the activation of the full reserve within 150 s. In practice, the participation in the Danish market is hindered by the minimum bid of 0.3 MW.…”

“…By exploiting the high ramping times and precision that EVs can assure for primary frequency regulation [12], the regulation service here presented will be called Fast Primary Control (FPC).…”

“…EV response characteristics are based on the experimental finding described in [12]. Modeling and analysis of the effects of primary frequency regulation by single-phase EVs without V2G capability in an islanded LV microgrid are presented.…”

Assessing the energy content of system frequency and electric vehicle charging efficiency for ancillary service provision

“…EVs can be aggregated and participate in the electricity markets in order to decrease their charging costs by consuming energy when prices are lower [2]. The use of EVs for providing ancillary services to the power system can be an additional revenue for EV owners and can assist the integration of larger amounts of renewable sources [3,4]. The use of bidirectional power converters can substantially increase the capabilities and profitability of EVs, since they are able to offer power to the system, a concept referred to as Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) [5,6].…”