2016
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14388
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Immunotherapy: incorporation in the evolving paradigm of renal cancer management and future prospects

Abstract: Significant progress has been made in the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) during the last few decades. In early stage, localized disease, surgical resection remains the modality of choice, with no therapeutic interventions as options for post-operative therapy other than simple observation and clinical surveillance. However, treatment options in the advanced or metastatic setting are increasing at a dizzying pace, initially with cytokine therapy, then with the increased availability of targeted therap… Show more

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Cited by 23 publications
(27 citation statements)
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“…miR-19b is fully evidenced in literature as a tumor oncogene in various types of cancers, and the underlying mechanisms are investigated accordingly [5255]. It is also considered a novel potential biomarker to indicate progression of GC [23].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…miR-19b is fully evidenced in literature as a tumor oncogene in various types of cancers, and the underlying mechanisms are investigated accordingly [5255]. It is also considered a novel potential biomarker to indicate progression of GC [23].…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Diarrhoea and colitis are also common side effects, which are more often encountered in anti-CTLA-4-antibodies therapy. Hepatotoxicity and endocrinopathy are possible (Liu et al 2017). Different inhibitors in RCC, which are being clinically tested, are described in Table 1.…”
Section: Patients Taking Interferon Alpha Have Problems With Depresmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Vaccines are used for treating a primary tumour, but not for preventing an onco- Table 1. Immune drugs in RCC are currently being clinically tested (Liu et al 2017 logical disease. Clinical trials are conducted to assess the effectiveness of different vaccines, but none has so far demonstrated an increase in the survivability rate.…”
Section: Kidney Cancer Cell Therapymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…pembro-lizumab and nivolumab) and PD-L1 (i.e. avelumab, atezolizumab and durvalumab), as well as mAbs targeting CTLA-4 (ipilimumab and tremelimumab), have been approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for several malignancies, such as melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer, renal cell cancer, urothelial cancer and lymphoma (16)(17)(18)(19)(20). Anti-CTLA mAbs and anti-PD-1/PD-L1 mAbs cause immune-related adverse events (AEs) in 60% and 40% of cases, respectively, but severe AEs are more frequent with anti-CTLA therapy (21,22).…”
Section: Abstract the Presence Of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes (Timentioning
confidence: 99%