Immunotherapy for Recalcitrant Warts in Children Using Intralesional Mumps or <i>Candida</i> Antigens

Clifton, Missy; Johnson, Sandra Marchese; Roberson, Paula K.; Kincannon, Jay; Horn, Thomas

doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2003.20318.x

Cited by 144 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The therapeutic response to intralesional MMR vaccine in our study was much higher than that reported by Kus et al 17 (29.4%), Clifton et al 18 (47%), King et al 19 (50%), Signore 20 (51%) and Horn et al 21 (53%), slightly higher than that reported by Johnson and Horn 22 (70.9%), similar to that reported by Phillips et al 23 (72%) and slightly lower than that reported by Johnson et al 24 (74%) , Brunk 25 (85%), Gupta et al 26 (88.9%) and Maronn et al 27 (87%). The presence of three synergistic viral antigens in MMR vaccine that could be associated with higher stimulation of the immune system may explain the relatively higher response in our study as compared to most of the related studies which utilize either a single antigen [17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24] or a combination of antigens. 19,22 The exact mechanism of action of intralesional immunotherapy is still obscure.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

2016

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 74%

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

2016

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“…22,23 Nongenital warts occur in 7% to 10% of the general population, with the incidence peaking between the ages of 12 and 16 years. 44 Viral warts occur equally in both sexes in children ages 2 to 12 years and are among the three most common dermatoses treated. 31,45,46 Approximately 23% of warts regress spontaneously within 2 months, 30% within 3 months and 65% to 78% within 2 years.…”

Section: Etiologymentioning

confidence: 99%

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Lipke¹

2006

Clinical Medicine & Research

282

295

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Patients and clinicians experience the frustration of cutaneous viral warts caused by infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV).Warts appear in various forms on different sites of the body and include common warts (verruca vulgaris), plane or flat warts, myrmecia, plantar warts, coalesced mosaic warts, filiform warts, periungual warts, anogenital warts (venereal or condyloma acuminata), oral warts and respiratory papillomas. Cervical infection with HPV is now known to cause cervical cancer if untreated. A review of the medical literature reveals a huge armamentarium of wart monotherapies and combination therapies. Official evidence-based guidelines exist for the treatment of warts, but very few of the reported treatments have been tested by rigorous blinded, randomized controlled trials.Therefore, official recommendations do not often include treatments with reportedly high success rates, but they should not be ignored when considering treatment options. It is the purpose of this review to provide a comprehensive overview of the wart treatment literature to expand awareness of the options available to practitioners faced with patients presenting with problematic warts. Warts of the genital tract carry a much more ominous and pernicious threat for women in particular. It has been estimated that up to 70% of sexually active women become infected during their lifetime with human papillomavirus (HPV), the infective agent that causes warts. 3-5 A causal role for HPV infections in cervical cancer has been documented beyond reasonable doubt. HPV DNA is present in virtually all cervical cancer cases worldwide, with it being detected in 99.7% of an international series of cervical cancers by genetic amplification techniques and in 100% of cases as confirmed by histological review. 6,7 Cervical cancer is the most frequent common cancer in developing countries and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. 3 The association between HPV infection and cervical cancer is so strong that HPV is now considered the first positive cause of any human cancer ever identified. 3This raises the level of concerns over HPV prevention, screening and treatment from that of a nuisance condition to that of a major public health concern. Attention is beginning to focus on the viral factors that determine persistence and neoplastic progression to cancer and the possible role of HPV in other nongenital cancers (e.g., skin, upper aerodigestive tract). [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] Patients with warts seek advice from general practitioners, pharmacists, naturopaths, allied health professionals, family or friends, dermatologists, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians for treatment and may present with recalcitrant warts that have been previously treated with anything from folk remedies to hypnosis to over-the-counter medications to more aggressive clinic-based treatments. Unfortunately, even with years of medical literature on this subject, high-quality, level I evidence for the efficacy of almost all treatments is no...

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“…The idea of using Candida skin testing reagent as a novel vaccine adjuvant came about from observations that intralesional injections of recall antigens result in common wart regression (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)(53)(54). Traditionally, recall antigens, which typically include a panel derived from Candida, mumps virus, and Trichophyton, were used as a control to indicate intact cell-mediated immunity in patients (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)54).…”

Section: De Novo Immune Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, recall antigens, which typically include a panel derived from Candida, mumps virus, and Trichophyton, were used as a control to indicate intact cell-mediated immunity in patients (48)(49)(50)(51)(52)54). These studies suggested that T cells may have a role in wart regression.…”

Section: De Novo Immune Stimulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cross-Reactivity, Epitope Spreading, andDe NovoImmune Stimulation Are Possible Mechanisms of Cross-Protection of Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types in Recipients of HPV Therapeutic Vaccines

Nakagawa

Greenfield

Moerman-Herzog

et al. 2015

Clin. Vaccine Immunol.

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Numerous versions of human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccines designed to treat individuals with established HPV infection, including those with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN),H uman papillomavirus (HPV) is best known as the causative agent of cervical cancer, the fourth most common cancer among women globally. This is the case despite advances in screening techniques and the availability of approved prophylactic vaccines. Every year in the United States, there are 12,360 new cases of cervical cancer and 4,020 deaths (1). High-risk HPV types associated with the development of malignancies have been linked to 90 to 93% of anal cancers, 12 to 63% of oropharyngeal cancers, 36 to 40% of penile cancers, 40 to 64% of vaginal cancers, and 40 to 51% of vulvar cancers (2). Overall, HPV is estimated to be responsible for 5.2% of the worldwide cancer burden (3). Of note, the incidence of HPV-associated anal and oropharyngeal cancers is increasing in the United States (4).The designation of papillomaviruses as the family Papillomaviridae was created in the seventh report of the International Committee for the Taxonomy of Viruses (5). The papillomaviruses were further divided into genera by assigning Greek letters and into species by Roman numerals (6). For example, HPV-16, -31, -33, -35, -52, -58, and -67 belong to genus alpha, species 9 (␣9) (6). The circular double-stranded-DNA genomes of papillomaviruses are approximately 8 kb in size and commonly encode 8 proteins (6). The L1 gene encodes a major capsid protein, while the L2 gene encodes a minor capsid protein. A more traditional designation of HPV types was based on the nucleotide sequence of the L1 gene. A designation of a new type was created whenever a full-length papillomavirus clone was described which was at least 10% dissimilar from any other known papillomavirus type (6).Currently, three effective HPV prophylactic vaccines are commercially available, all of which contain HPV L1 proteins that are capable of forming viruslike particles (VLPs). Gardasil (Merck, Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA), a quadrivalent HPV VLP prophylactic vaccine containing the L1 proteins of HPV-16, -18, -6, and -11, was the first to be approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in 2006. Cervarix (GalaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium), a bivalent version containing the L1 proteins of HPV-16 and -18, was approved 3 years later in the United States. Gardasil 9 (Merck), which includes L1 VLPs from HPV-16, -18, -31, -33, -45, -52, -59, -6, and -11, was approved by the FDA in late 2014. Gardasil and Cervarix were designed to prevent 70% of cervical, vulvar, vaginal, and anal cancer cases caused by HPV-16 and -18, while Gardasil 9 was designed to prevent approximately 90% of such cases. HPV types associated with the development of malignancy are regarded as high risk. On the other hand, HPV-6 and -11, which are included in Gardasil and Gardasil 9, are considered low risk and are associated with the development of genital warts. While Gardasil and Gardasil ...

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Immunotherapy for Recalcitrant Warts in Children Using Intralesional Mumps or Candida Antigens

Cited by 144 publications

References 8 publications

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

Measles, mumps and rubella vaccine as an intralesional immunotherapy in treatment of warts

An Armamentarium of Wart Treatments

Cross-Reactivity, Epitope Spreading, andDe NovoImmune Stimulation Are Possible Mechanisms of Cross-Protection of Nonvaccine Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Types in Recipients of HPV Therapeutic Vaccines

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