Immunostimulatory effects ofN-Oxide-Quaternary alkaloid fraction of a marine Chlorophycean macroalga in the striped murrel,Channa striata(Bloch)

Abstract

N-Oxide-Quaternary Alkaloid Fraction (NOQAF) of a Chlorophycean macroalga, Caulerpa scalpelliformis (R.Br.) C. Ag f. denticulata (Deaisne) Weber van Bosse (Patent filed) was intraperitoneally administered at different doses (0, 2, 20 or 200 mg kg À1 body weight) in different groups of Channa striata to assess its effect on the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance against live virulent Aeromonas hydrophila. A reference positive control [MacroGard (Biotec Pharmacon ASA, Norway) 20 mg kg À1 body weight] was simultaneously maintained to compare its efficacy. The fraction (NOQAF) has been found to enhance the serum lysozyme, peroxidase, antiprotease and alternate complement activities and the reactive oxygen and nitrogen species production and peroxidase activity by the peripheral blood leucocytes than the control group during the study period. On experimental challenge with live virulent A. hydrophila, maximum RPS values of 88.8 and 87.4 were noted in the groups treated with single dose of 20 mg kg À1 and double dose of 2 mg kg À1 of NOQAF respectively. In conclusion, the intraperitoneal administration of the N-Oxide-Quaternary Alkaloid Fraction (NOQAF) of C. scalpelliformis has been found to significantly enhance the non-specific immune responses and disease resistance against A. hydrophila in Channa striata.

Polysaccharides from marine macroalga, Padina gymnospora improve the nonspecific and specific immune responses of Cyprinus carpio and protect it from different pathogens

“…We have earlier reported about the immunostimulating properties of many terrestrial plants Christybapita et al 2007;Alexander et al 2010) and a seaweed (Balasubramanian & Michael 2016). The present study reports on the immunostimulating and disease resistance properties of polysaccharide fraction obtained from the seaweed Padina gymnospora in the common carp, Cyprinus carpio.…”

Non-specific immunity and disease resistance are enhanced by the polysaccharide fraction of a marine chlorophycean macroalga inOreochromis niloticus(Linnaeus, 1758)

“…The present paper reports the immunostimulation by PF, separated adopting the technique of others (Harborne, ), from the Chlorophycean macroalga, C. scalpelliformis . Earlier reports from this laboratory showed appreciable activities (Balasubramanian & Michael, ; Rajendran, Subramani, & Michael, )…”

“…The present paper reports the immunostimulation by PF, separated adopting the technique of others (Harborne, 1998), from the Chlorophycean macroalga, C. scalpelliformis. Earlier reports from this laboratory showed appreciable activities (Balasubramanian & Michael, 2016;Rajendran, Subramani, & Michael, 2016) Lysozyme is one of the crucial molecules of the non-specific humoral response which is involved in hydrolysation of β-[1,4] glycosidic bonds of the bacterial cell wall thereby exerting its effect on the lytic activity against bacteria, also acts as an opsonin and promotes phagocytosis (Buonocore et al, 2014;Magnadóttir, 2006;Saurabh & Sahoo, 2008). Lysozyme lytic activity happens readily in gram positive bacteria while complement activity is required in the case of gram negative bacteria (Alexander & Ingram, 1992).…”

“…Many authors have reported on the antimicrobial activity of many seaweed extracts including that of C. scalpelliformis (Cetin, Gokoglu, & Oz, ; Prabhakar et al., ). Recently from this laboratory, the immunostimulatory effect of N‐ oxide and quaternary alkaloids from C. scalpelliformis in Channa striatus (Balasubramanian & Michael, ) and the antimicrobial effect of an alkaloid, caulerpin, present in it were reported (Subramani, Radha, & Michael, ). Polysaccharides from many species of Caulerpa were shown to possess excellent anticoagulant properties (Shanmugam, Ramavat, Mody, Oza, & Tewari, ).…”

“…The best alternative to vaccine and antibiotics can be the use of plant derived immunostimulants which are inexpensive and environmentally friendly as they are biodegradable (Reverter, Bontemps, Lecchini, Banaigs, & Sasal, 2014). (Balasubramanian & Michael, 2016) and the antimicrobial effect of an alkaloid, caulerpin, present in it were reported (Subramani, Radha, & Michael, 2016). Polysaccharides from many species of Caulerpa were shown to possess excellent anticoagulant properties (Shanmugam, Ramavat, Mody, Oza, & Tewari, 2001).…”