Immunoprotective Effect of Chitosan Particles on Hymenolepis nana – Infected Mice

Abstract

Hymenolepis nana is the most commonly known intestinal cestode infecting mainly human. This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of chitosan particles (CSP) to enhance the immune system against H. nana infection. Determination of worm burden, egg output, histopathological changes, oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione), goblet (GCs) and mucosal mast cells (MMCs) counts in intestinal ileum was performed. In addition, levels of intestinal mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-9, stem cell factor (SCF), type I and II interferons (IFN)-α/ γ, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, mucin 2 (MUC2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs) were investigated using real-time PCR. The results indicated induced reductions in adult worm and egg counts in infected mice after CSP treatment. This was associated with improvement in tissue morphometric measurements and oxidative stress which were altered after infection. Expression levels of iNOs, IFN-α, IFN-γ, TNF-α and IL-9 were decreased by CSP. Conversely, expression levels of MUC2, IL-4 and SCF increased compared to infected untreated group. In addition, GCs and MMCs counts were normalized by CSP. In conclusion, this study could indicate the immunoprotective effect of CSP against H. nana infection. This was characterized with Th2 anti-inflammatory responses.

Therapeutic Efficacy of Chitosan Nanoparticles and Albendazole in Intestinal Murine Trichinellosis

“…Chitosan results agreed with Hoseini et al (2016) who reported that treatment with chitin and chitosan MPs induced a protective response in L. major-infected BALB/c mice, but lower than that obtained by Abdel-Latif et al (2017), who reported reduction in both adult and egg count in mice infected with H. nana after treatment by chitosan particles (95% for adult and 77% for eggs).…”

“…Control of inflammation reduced systemic cytokine release from activated immune cells that relieved systemic manifestations like fever, tissue edema and vasculitis (Kociecka, 2000). Besides, Abdel-Latif et al (2017) was against the present chitosan results. Where chitosan induced improvement in intestinal morphometric measurements and reversed alterations to nearly normal length and width as well as crypts in Hymenolepis nana infected mice.…”

“…Also, the effects of chitosan on iNOS expression agreed with Peluso et al (1994) andLi et al agreed with Peluso et al (1994) and Li et al (2009); Porporatto et al (2003) and Yu et al (2004) who reported that the increased activity of iNOS and induced synthesis of NO in macrophages was influenced by chitosan. But, Abdel-Latif et al (2017) reported that, the expression level of iNOS was decreased in the intestinal tissue by chitosan particles in mice experimentally infected with H. nana.…”

“…Nanoparticles have been used widely in previous studies as vehicles to deliver drugs or vaccines, to improve their therapeutic efficacy (Jiang et al, 2013;Gaafar et al, 2014). Chitosan (CH) is a natural polysaccharide produced by deacetylation of chitin (Abdel-Latif et al, 2017). The chitosan has antiinflammatory and antimicrobial activities due to its role in stimulating cellular, humoral immune response, strong inducer for mixed Th1/2 responses and for type I interferon (Neimert-Andersson et al, 2011;Xia et al, 2015).…”

Therapeutic effect of chitosan on CCl4‑induced hepatic fibrosis in rats

“…There is great interest in examining the potential therapeutic effects of chitosan on hepatic fibrosis (HF), as chitin and its derivatives have been reported to have a wide range of medical applications ( 2 – 4 ). It has been suggested that chitosan inhibits fibroplasia in wound healing, and promotes tissue growth and differentiation in vitro ( 5 , 6 ). Notably, chitosan has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative properties ( 7 – 9 ).…”