Immunomodulatory Properties of Blackberry Anthocyanins in THP-1 Derived Macrophages

Abstract

An anthocyanin-rich diet is considered to protect against chronic inflammatory processes although the bioavailability of anthocyanins is regarded as rather low. Moreover, the immunomodulatory role of anthocyanins is not fully understood yet. In the present study, fractions of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus) juice were investigated in plasma-relevant concentrations with respect to their immunomodulatory properties in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-challenged THP-1-derived macrophages. The complex blackberry extract acted ineffective as well as potential degradation products. Cyanidin-3O-glucoside (Cy3glc), the main constituent of blackberry anthocyanins, diminished TNF-α levels at a concentration of 0.02 µg/mL, indicating protective effects as measured with quantitative RT-PCR and multiplex cytokine assays. LPS-boosted activity of transcription factor nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) of differentiated THP-1 reporter gene cells was marginally inhibited by Cy3glc. LPS-induced microRNA-155 was further increased, supporting the evidence of protection. Of note, fractions obtained from blackberry juice, in particular cyanidin-3O-(6″-dioxalylglucoside), were displaying potential pro-inflammatory properties as these elevated IL-6 and TNF-α levels. In conclusion, highly purified anthocyanin fractions of blackberry juice display both anti- and pro-inflammatory properties at plasma-relevant concentrations depending on their structure and substitution pattern.

In Vitro Inhibitory Potential of Different Anthocyanin-Rich Berry Extracts in Murine CT26 Colon Cancer Cells

“…However, Del3-galactoside-which ranks third most abundant anthocyanin in our extractwas also reported as a main component [22,26]. In agreement with the literature, the BB extract only consists of cyanidin-based anthocyanins with Cy3glc (88.2% of total anthocyanins) as the major compound and small amounts of Cy3dioxglc, Cy3malglc, and Cy3xyl [23,27,28]. Cy3rut, representing 3% of total anthocyanins in the BB extract, was not detected in aforementioned publications, but Fan-Chiang et al reported a mean percentage of 10.2 Cy3rut in 51 blackberry samples from different American and international origins [29].…”

Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential with Blood Inflammation: The Prospective Markers on Mild Cognitive Impairment

“…There is evidence indicating that higher education is associated with memory, executive function and language dysfunction in dementia patients and is related with faster cognitive decline on global cognition [41]. MUFA, Mg, Fe, Zn, vitamin E, thiamine, anthocyanins and isoflavones, which are recognized as anti-inflammatory parameters [42][43][44][45][46], were found to be much less consumed by MCI patients. Lymphocytes, as a key inflammatory response regulator, were down-regulated in MCI individuals.…”

Breeding and Growth Performance of ‘Ningzhi 4’, a New Blackberry Cultivar with High Yield Potential and Good Quality in China

“…It is a high-potassium and low-sodium fruit [4]. Blackberries also have unique healthcare functions [5]. For example, the total phenols in blackberries have antioxidant, heart protection, and lipid peroxidation-inhibiting effects [6].…”

“…Mounting evidence suggests that eating berries can provide antioxidant and anticancer protection for humans and animals [7]. It is an important source of people's intake of natural pigments, flavonoids, dietary fiber, vitamins, mineral elements and antioxidant substances [3,5,8]. With the development of the economy and the improvement of people's living standards, the blackberry market has broad prospects.…”