Immunomodulatory effect of papaya ( Carica papaya ) pulp and seed extracts as a potential natural treatment for bacterial stress

Abstract

The current study evaluated the immunomodulatory effects of Carica papaya pulp and seeds methanol (MeOH) extracts on mice infected with Listeria monocytogenes. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis identified 10 active constituents in C. papaya seed MeOH extract and 10 compounds in C. papaya pulp MeOH extract. The experimental animals were divided into negative control (G1) group, positive control (G2) group, pulp extract treated (G3) group, and seed extract treated (G4) group. After infection of animals (G2, G3, and G4), treatments were started for 3 weeks. Estimation of the immunological parameters showed a marked decrease in IgM levels and an increase in IgG levels in the treated groups (G3 and G4) compared with those in G2. The proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TGF‐β1) were decreased in the treated groups (G3 and G4) compared with those in G2. Nitric oxide levels were also decreased, and the percentages of phagocytosis increased compared with those of G2. The results demonstrated the immunomodulatory and anti‐inflammatory effects of C. papaya pulp and seeds MeOH extracts. Practical applications Based on the antioxidant and antibacterial activities exhibited by the pulp and seed MeOH extracts investigated in this study, Carica papaya might be considered as a natural source of phytochemicals that could be utilized in novel foods and pharmaceuticals. Further investigation are needed to identify and purify compounds that might be responsible for the observed effects.

Immunomodulatory potential of phytochemicals and other bioactive compounds of fruits: A review

“…The proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐10, IL‐12, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TGF‐β1) were lower in the extract treated rats along with a decrease in levels of Nitric oxide. It was also noticed that the percentage of phagocytosis increased in extract treated mice (Amin et al., 2019).…”

Carica papaya L. Leaves: Deciphering Its Antioxidant Bioactives, Biological Activities, Innovative Products, and Safety Aspects

“…Papaya leaf extract's immune modulatory potential is responsible for increasing the concentration of nitric oxide, CD80, TNF-alpha, and various other interleukins (IL-12p70, IL-12p40) and induction of apoptosis in cancer cells [ 37 , 69 ]. However, papaya leaf extract at concentrations of 5 Ig/mL on the release of cytokines exhibited percent inhibition of TNF- α (10.8%), IL-1 α (12.5%), IL-1 β (27.4%), IL-6 (42.9%), and IL-8 (8.4%) reported in some studies [ 80 ]. Possible mechanism of papaya leaf extract to act as an anticancerous agent is to lower down metastatic cancer by decreasing the extracellular matrix concentration which further acts as a chemo-attractants of PC-3 cells for adhesion as well as migration [ 76 ].…”

“…There is a possibility that leaf extract of papaya may promote the control of Th2-mediated allergic ailment, or as an adjuvant of various vaccines by promoting an alteration from Th2 to Th1 type immune response [ 6 ]. The methanol (MeOH) extracts of C. papaya and on mice for 3 weeks were able to decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokine, and it was also found that use of standardized CPL aqueous extract (SCPLE) was significantly increasing the thrombocytes and phagocytic index in thrombocytopenic rats [ 80 ]. These findings help the researchers to screen out the anticancerous effects of papaya leaves on cancer cells in vivo studies.…”

Evaluation of the Potential for Immunomodulatory and Anti-inflammatory Properties of Phytoconstituents Derived from Pineapple [Ananas comosus (L.) Merr.] Peel Extract Using an In Silico Approach

“…These compounds are 1,2-propanediol, 3-(octadecyloxy)-, diacetate; 2-trifluoroacetoxydodecane; 2-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane; 2-trifluoroacetoxytridecane; 3-eicosene, (E); and 4-hydroxy-4-methylhex-5-enoic. 1,2-propanediol, 3-(octadecyloxy)-, diacetate can also be found in African black pepper (Piper guineense) (Sulaimon et al 2020) and papaya (Carica papaya) pulp and seed (Amin et al 2019). They discussed the anti-inflammatory properties of these plants' extract.…”