Immunomodulatory and antioxidant protective effect ofSarcocornia perennisL. (swampfire) in lead intoxicated rat

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a very toxic metal present in the environment, causing disturbances of several functions. Preventive or curative effects of halophytic plants against these disorders may be a promising and safe therapeutic strategy. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate in vivo immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of Sarcocornia perennis extract (Sp) against lead toxicity in rats. Groups of six animals each were treated with plant extract (via food), 6 g/L lead acetate (via drinking water) or a combination of both. At the end of the three-week period, rat exposure to lead caused reduction of liver weight but an increase of that of kidney. Moreover, lead intoxication-induced oxidative stress manifested by significant increases of inflammatory cytokines (except IL-10) and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), compared with the control group. Meanwhile, interleukin-10 (IL-10) and glutathione levels (GSH), as well as antioxidant activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), were decreased. Considering liver and renal markers, lead treatment induced a significant increase in the activities of aminotransferases (AST, ALT), and in the levels of urea, creatinine and phosphorous, whereas total plasma protein, albumin and calcium levels were significantly decreased. S. perennis extract alone did not induce any significant changes in hepatic or renal markers, whereas the antioxidant markers were significantly increased. S. perennis supplementation significantly reduced the lead-induced elevation of serum IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and TBARS but increased the IL-10 and antioxidant enzyme activities. Overall, plant components ameliorated hepatorenal damages caused by lead.

Potential immunomodulatory and antioxidant effects of walnut Juglans regia vegetable oil against lead‐mediated hepatic damage and their interaction with lipase activity in rats

“…Our results were in agreement with previous investigations that consistently showed similar elevations of serum transaminases, as indicator of hepatotoxicity with comparable doses of lead acetate in rats . Our findings were in agreement with Gargouri et al who reported a significant increase in serum activities of AST and ALT in Pb‐treated rats with the same dose. Ibrahim et al have attributed this significant increase to cellular leakage and loss of functional integrity of cell membrane in the liver.…”

“…Therefore, the activities of these enzymes were increased, reflecting most probably a response towards free radical damage in the liver of Pb-treated rats. Our findings were in accordance with Gechev et al 53 who have demonstrated that cells have the ability to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes when they are exposed to high levels of toxicants and Gargouri et al 29 who have reported a disruption of the antioxidant status in the liver of leadtreated rats.…”

“…However, continuous exposure to certain chemotherapeutic agents, drugs, environmental toxins, viral infections, or bacterial invasion can trigger liver injury and eventually lead to various liver diseases . Several bibliographic data has demonstrated that Pb is a chemical widely used for induction of liver damage in experimental animals . Susceptibility of the liver to injury can trigger and eventually lead to various liver diseases and is attributed to the ROS and free radicals generated during its metabolism …”

“…28 Several bibliographic data has demonstrated that Pb is a chemical widely used for induction of liver damage in experimental animals. 14,29 Susceptibility of the liver to injury can trigger and eventually lead to various liver diseases and is attributed to the ROS and free radicals generated during its metabolism. 30,31 In this study, lead injected during 10 days had no effect on body and liver weights and OSI thus suggesting that the general metabolic functions of the rats are in the normal range.…”

Vitamin D alleviates lead induced renal and testicular injuries by immunomodulatory and antioxidant mechanisms in rats

“…Additionally, the PC group had significantly higher levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α and IL-4, as well as lower level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in serum and tissues. These findings provide further support to the notion that excess accumulation of Pb in renal and testicular tissues induces damages by increasing cellular ROS, oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses 6 – 8 .…”