Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in multiple sclerosis: a systematic review

Abstract

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and autoimmune neurological disorder which leads to demyelination. Although the etiology of MS is yet to be known, it appears that regulating the immune system and suppressing inflammatory pathways may possibly have a favorable effect on the healing of this disease. Evidence suggests that probiotics consumption via gut microbiome alteration devises beneficial effects in improving immune and inflammatory responses in MS. All articles were systematically searched (in the main databases) for this paper. Two investigators independently scrutinized full texts of the potentially eligible articles. The quality of the study was evaluated using standardized tools. The methodological quality of seven studies included in this review ranged from fair to good. The findings illustrated that there were statistically significant improvements in the static and dynamic balance in patients and animals with MS. In the paper in hand, the effects of probiotics administration on immune and inflammatory markers in MS disease are evaluated. In addition, the limitations and knowledge gaps were reported while proposing a possible mechanism of probiotics therapy in modulating immune and inflammatory responses. This systematic review indicated that the probiotics could improve immune and inflammatory parameters, the cytokines and cells in MS disease. Probiotics may have efficient effects in management and treatment of MS. More studies are required to clarify the effect of supplementation with probiotics and their mechanisms in MS disease.

Effects of probiotic bacterium Weissella cibaria CMU on periodontal health and microbiota: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

“…Probiotics refer to live bacteria that are beneficial to the host when ingested at an appropriate amount [ 7 ]. They have been known for their intestinal effects [ 6 ], but recently, their function has been known to be extended to strengthening the immune system, reducing cholesterol level, enhancing vaginal health, and improving skin health [ 24 , 25 ].…”

The impact of vitamin D3 intake on inflammatory markers in multiple sclerosis patients and their first-degree relatives

“…The underlying mechanisms of pathology and etiology of MS have not been dissolved yet, but evidence has presumed that immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory treatments can delay MS development. According to the prior note, it has been suggested that vitamin D 3 can have a major role in immune regulation in MS [2,4].…”

“…Vitamin D 3 has a probable immune-modulatory effect which, changes the equilibrium between anti-and pro-inflammatory interleukins in favor of anti-inflammatory cytokines. So, the lack of vitamin D 3 is possible to cause inflammatory situations in MS patients [2,4,6].…”

The Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Multiple Sclerosis: Can Genetically Engineered Probiotics Treat the Disease?

“…The results of these studies support the rationale development of novel probiotics for the treatment of MS. The pivotal importance of immunomodulatory IL-10, IL-35, Tregs, and metabolites, such as SCFA and neurotransmitters, and other protective factors identified in these animal models and clinical studies will provide insight into the development of novel therapeutic targets for use in genetically engineered probiotics [ 165 ]. Figure 1 depicts the mechanisms of action proposed for probiotics that could result in the control of neuroinflammation-mediated demyelination.…”