Immunomodulation with Nucleic Acid Nanodevices

Abstract

The precise regulation of interactions of specific immunological components is crucial for controllable immunomodulation, yet it remains a great challenge. With the assistance of advanced computer design, programmable nucleic acid nanotechnology enables the customization of synthetic nucleic acid nanodevices with unprecedented geometrical and functional precision, which have shown promising potential for precise immunoengineering. Notably, the inherently immunologic functions of nucleic acids endow these nucleic acid‐based assemblies with innate advantages in immunomodulatory engagement. In this review, the roles of nucleic acids in innate immunity are discussed, focusing on the definition, immunologic modularity, and enhanced bioavailability of structural nucleic acid nanodevices. In light of this, molecular programming and precise organization of functional modules with nucleic acid nanodevices for immunomodulation are emphatically reviewed. At last, the present challenges and future perspectives of nucleic acid nanodevices for immunomodulation are discussed.

Extracellular DNA as potential contributors to pathological calcification

“…exDNA can be recognized by receptors on the surface of or within immune cells. Upon recognition, the DNAs ultimately trigger the recruitment of immune cells that elicit immune responses 74 . A recent study suggests that exDNA influences metabolic reprogramming and the differentiation of T regulatory cells, which in turn promotes osteogenic differentiation and calcification 75 .…”

Emerging nanoparticle platforms for CpG oligonucleotide delivery

“…14 Discussion of CpG ODNs for the prophylaxis or treatment of tumors, allergies, and infectious diseases can be found in several reviews published in the last decade. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] CpG ODNs are known ligands for Toll-like receptor (TLRs)-9 (TLR9), which are loaded within the endosomal compartment in the B cell and plasmacytoid dendritic cell ( pDC) intracellular compartments. [24][25][26] TLRs are a family of pattern recognition receptors composed of a cytoplasmic Toll/interleukin-1 receptor area and an extracellular leucine-rich repeat, connecting through a transmembrane domain.…”

“…[56][57][58][59] Recent research has indicated that DNA nanocarriers can also be efficiently utilized for CpG delivery. 21,60 In the design of the DNA nanostructures, the secondary structure of CpG ODNs is an important factor influencing the immune response. 5′-Terminal secondary structures showed greater influence on the immunostimulatory activity than those at the 3′-end.…”

Nanomaterial-Driven Precision Immunomodulation: A New Paradigm in Therapeutic Interventions

“…Covalent immobilization of nanomaterials with miRNAs is a promising approach for modulating immune signaling pathways. The utilization of nanomaterials and miRNAs in the formulation of targeted immunotherapies represents an improvement of the limitations of conventional therapy [ 24 , 105 ]. In addition to expanding the therapeutic repertoire, the delivery of miRNAs using nanomaterials is expected to address some of the disadvantages of conventional therapies, such as off-target effects and the development of resistance.…”

“…In summary, IDDSs represent a promising approach to immunomodulatory drug delivery, providing precise targeting, improved efficacy, and enhanced safety. However, ongoing research is essential to fully unlock the potential of revolutionizing disease treatment strategies [ 23 , 24 ]. The safety concerns regarding nanomaterials in immunotherapy are principally related to their unique properties and interactions with biological systems.…”