“…Recent interesting studies also demonstrated that ECs have many innate immune functions and express gene signatures indicative of phagocytosis or scavenging, antigen presentation, and immune cell recruitment [ 14 ]. Specifically, they have functions that macrophages express, including cytokine secretion, phagocytic function, antigen presentation, pathogen-associated molecular patterns-, and danger-associated molecular patterns-sensing, proinflammatory, immune-enhancing, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppression, migration, heterogeneity, and plasticity [ 11 ].…”