Immunometabolism in biofilm infection: lessons from cancer

Abstract

Background Biofilm is a community of bacteria embedded in an extracellular matrix, which can colonize different human cells and tissues and subvert the host immune reactions by preventing immune detection and polarizing the immune reactions towards an anti-inflammatory state, promoting the persistence of biofilm-embedded bacteria in the host. Main body of the manuscript It is now well established that the function of immune cells is ultimately mediated by cellular metabolism. The immune cells are stimulated to regulate their immune functions upon sensing danger signals. Recent studies have determined that immune cells often display distinct metabolic alterations that impair their immune responses when triggered. Such metabolic reprogramming and its physiological implications are well established in cancer situations. In bacterial infections, immuno-metabolic evaluations have primarily focused on macrophages and neutrophils in the planktonic growth mode. Conclusion Based on differences in inflammatory reactions of macrophages and neutrophils in planktonic- versus biofilm-associated bacterial infections, studies must also consider the metabolic functions of immune cells against biofilm infections. The profound characterization of the metabolic and immune cell reactions could offer exciting novel targets for antibiofilm therapy.

Adaptation of Bacteria to Antineoplastic Agents Involves Persister Cells and Increases Resistance to Antibiotics

“…When the cells are embedded inside a matrix forming a biofilm, they are more protected against antimicrobials and antibiotics because of a slower growth rate and a lower diffusion rate of the compounds [ 69 ]. Cells in biofilms may even influence the leukocyte function of the host immune system [ 70 ] and the metabolism of immune cells, thus affecting the development and activation of immune reactions [ 71 ].…”

Performance of DNA Methylation on the Molecular Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Cancer; targeted therapy approach

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The emerging microbiome‐based approaches to IBD therapy: From SCFAs to urolithin A

“…IBD is often accompanied by gut dysbiosis 125 . Compared to the general population, patients with UC have a sixfold increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC) 126,127 . Several studies have revealed that the administration of probiotics has the potential to improve mucosal barrier function and restore intestinal microbiota by altering the profile of the luminal BA pool 128–130 .…”