Immunological patterns in young children with Down syndrome: is there a temporal trend?

Cocchi, Guido; Mastrocola, Maura; Capelli, Marilu'; Bastelli, Annalisa; Vitali, Francesca; Corvaglia, Luigi

doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00459.x

Cited by 33 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Although plasma Zn levels found by Cocchi et al [26] were adequate in children with DS aged up to 5 years, these levels tended to decrease progressively after this age. Zn deficiency in children with DS was also shown by other authors [10,27].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Nutritional Status of Zinc in Children with Down Syndrome

Lima

Cardoso

Cozzolino

2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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Experimental and clinical studies have established that zinc metabolism is altered in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The present study intends to evaluate the nutritional status of zinc in children with DS by determining their biochemical and dietary parameters. The investigation was carried out on a group of children with DS (n = 35) and compared with a control group (n = 33), both aging between 4 and 11 years. Weight-for-age, height-for-age, and weight-for-height indexes and diet were evaluated by using a 3-day dietary record. Zinc was evaluated in plasma, erythrocytes, and 24-h urine collection by using the method of atomic absorption spectroscopy. The frequency of short stature was higher in children with DS. Both groups presented high protein content, adequate concentrations of lipids and carbohydrates, and deficit in calories. Adequate zinc intake was observed in 40% of children with DS and in 67% of the control group. Zinc concentrations were significantly lower in plasma and urine and higher in erythrocytes of children with DS. The results allowed us to conclude that the altered zinc nutritional status of individuals with Down syndrome contributes to clinical disturbances that usually appear with aging in these patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Nutritional Status of Zinc in Children with Down Syndrome

Lima

Cardoso

Cozzolino

2009

Biol Trace Elem Res

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“…Studies on the adaptive immune system of DS have shown that total lymphocyte numbers are decreased in this population (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). This holds true for the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets, especially in the first 2 y of life, but becomes less pronounced with increasing age and eventually normalizes around the age of 16 y. Subdivision of T cells into naive and memory cells showed that in fact only the naive subsets are smaller compared with healthy controls (8,9,(11)(12)(13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…This holds true for the CD4 + and CD8 + T cell subsets, especially in the first 2 y of life, but becomes less pronounced with increasing age and eventually normalizes around the age of 16 y. Subdivision of T cells into naive and memory cells showed that in fact only the naive subsets are smaller compared with healthy controls (8,9,(11)(12)(13). In contrast, the fraction of CD8 + T cells within the T cell compartment is increased, and the fraction of CD4 + T cells decreased (9).…”

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confidence: 80%

Decreased Thymic Output Accounts for Decreased Naive T Cell Numbers in Children with Down Syndrome

Bloemers

Bont

Weger

et al. 2011

The Journal of Immunology

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Children with Down syndrome (DS) have low numbers of naive T cells and abnormal thymus development and function. Because next to thymic production, peripheral proliferation greatly contributes to naive T cell generation in healthy children, we examined the cause of reduced naive T cell numbers in children with DS. Compared with aged matched controls, the total number of signal joint TCR excision circles (sjTREC) per ml blood was reduced in DS. Reduced frequencies and absolute numbers of protein tyrosine kinase 7-positive recent thymic emigrants, but similar levels of naive T cell apoptosis and Ag-driven activation in DS, suggested that reduced thymic output and not increased peripheral loss of naive T cells caused the reduced sjTREC numbers. We found no support for defective peripheral generation of naive T cells in DS. In DS the naive T cells responded to IL-7 and, based on Ki-67 expression, had similar proliferation rates as in healthy controls. sjTREC content per naive CD8+ T cells was not increased, but even decreased, pointing to increased survival or peripheral generation of naive T cells in DS. In conclusion, we show in this study that reduced thymic output, but not reduced peripheral generation nor increased loss of naive T cells, results in the low naive T cell numbers found in DS.

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“…Além disso, esses pacientes podem apresentar níveis diminuídos de linfócitos T CD4+ e níveis elevados de linfócitos T CD8+ comparados com indivíduos saudáveis, apresentando alteração na taxa CD4+/CD8+. Entretanto, esses trabalhos avaliaram somente lactentes e pré-escolares até cinco anos [13]. Como as contagens de linfócitos CD4+ e CD8+ podem mudar com a idade, é relevante avaliar essas contagens e a relação CD4+/CD8+ também em crianças em idade escolar.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Avaliação da migração de neutrófilos e da frequência relativa de linfócitos CD4+/CD8+ em crianças com síndrome de Down e controles

Filho

Klein

Tavares

et al. 2015

Sci Med

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Este artigo é resultante da Dissertação apresentada pelo autor Artur Kautzmann Filho ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Pediatria e Saúde da ABSTRACT Aims:To evaluate neutrophil migration and the relative frequency of CD4+/CD8+ lymphocytes in children with Down syndrome and in healthy controls. Methods: This was a case-control study carried out at the Institute of Biomedical Research, affiliated with São Lucas Hospital of the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Patients with Down syndrome were selected by convenience sampling, including all children with Down syndrome aged 3 to 13 years treated at the Pediatric and Otolaryngology Outpatient Clinics of São Lucas Hospital and at KinderCenter for Children with Special Needs, in Porto Alegre, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, between January and December 2012. Healthy children without Down syndrome, participants in another ongoing study conducted by Institute of Biomedical Research, were recruited to the control group. Those patients with the largest volume of cells stored in cryotubes were selected. A neutrophil chemotaxis assay and immunophenotyping of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were performed to evaluate the functionality of the immune response. Associations were assessed by the chi-squared test, Student's t test, or Mann-Whitney's test. All tests were bidirectional, and p values less than 0.05 were regarded as statistically significant. Results: This study included 19 patients (13 with Down syndrome and six controls), with a mean age of 8.13 and 9.83 years, respectively. No significant changes concerning neutrophil migration were observed in the Down syndrome group. However, patients with Down syndrome tended to have a lower rate of CD4+ T cells and a higher rate of CD8+ T cells. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio revealed significant difference between the groups, being lower in patients with Down syndrome. Conclusions: This study suggests that patients with Down syndrome show a decreased CD4+/CD8+ ratio, which may contribute to the frequent and recurrent infections in these children.KEY WORDS: down syndrome; immunity; CD4-CD8 ratio; child; infection. Scientia Medica Artigo originAlOpen Access 2015;25(1):ID19235 ISSN 1980ISSN -6108 : http://dx.doi.org/10.15448/1980ISSN -6108.2015 Recebido: novembro,

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Immunological patterns in young children with Down syndrome: is there a temporal trend?

Cited by 33 publications

References 14 publications

Nutritional Status of Zinc in Children with Down Syndrome

Nutritional Status of Zinc in Children with Down Syndrome

Decreased Thymic Output Accounts for Decreased Naive T Cell Numbers in Children with Down Syndrome

Avaliação da migração de neutrófilos e da frequência relativa de linfócitos CD4+/CD8+ em crianças com síndrome de Down e controles

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