Immunological memory

Kirman, Joanna R.; Quinn, Kylie M.; Seder, Robert A.

doi:10.1111/imcb.12280

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Effective immunologic protection contributes to resilient behavior of higher organisms. It is essentially based on the diversity of innate and adaptive cell responses and cell memory tools (1)(2)(3)(4). Immunologic responses are energy consuming and require efficient metabolic reprogramming.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Plant Survival Under Severe Stress to Anti-Viral Human Defense – A Perspective That Calls for Common Efforts

et al. 2021

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Reprogramming of primary virus-infected cells is the critical step that turns viral attacks harmful to humans by initiating super-spreading at cell, organism and population levels. To develop early anti-viral therapies and proactive administration, it is important to understand the very first steps of this process. Plant somatic embryogenesis (SE) is the earliest and most studied model for de novo programming upon severe stress that, in contrast to virus attacks, promotes individual cell and organism survival. We argued that transcript level profiles of target genes established from in vitro SE induction as reference compared to virus-induced profiles can identify differential virus traits that link to harmful reprogramming. To validate this hypothesis, we selected a standard set of genes named ‘ReprogVirus’. This approach was recently applied and published. It resulted in identifying ‘CoV-MAC-TED’, a complex trait that is promising to support combating SARS-CoV-2-induced cell reprogramming in primary infected nose and mouth cells. In this perspective, we aim to explain the rationale of our scientific approach. We are highlighting relevant background knowledge on SE, emphasize the role of alternative oxidase in plant reprogramming and resilience as a learning tool for designing human virus-defense strategies and, present the list of selected genes. As an outlook, we announce wider data collection in a ‘ReprogVirus Platform’ to support anti-viral strategy design through common efforts.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Plant Survival Under Severe Stress to Anti-Viral Human Defense – A Perspective That Calls for Common Efforts

et al. 2021

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“…In addition, upon exposure to high antigen load CD4 T cells predominantly express IFN-g, which is mostly associated with an effector memory T (T E ) cell phenotype. Conversely, expression of TNF and IL-2 in the absence of IFN-g is associated with stem cell memory (T SCM ) and central memory (T CM ) T cell subsets and exposure to low antigen load or antigen clearance [13,23]. Further, chronic duration of antigen exposure is associated with upregulation of the T cell senescence marker, KLRG-1, and T cell differentiation to a predominantly IFN-g-monofunctional capacity [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells in recent and remote infection

et al. 2021

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Background Recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection is associated with a higher risk of progression to tuberculosis disease, compared to persistent infection after remote exposure. However, current immunodiagnostic tools fail to distinguish between recent and remote infection. We aimed to characterise the immunobiology associated with acquisition of M.tb infection and identify a biomarker that can distinguish recent from remote infection. Methods Healthy South African adolescents were serially tested with QuantiFERON-TB Gold to define recent (QuantiFERON-TB conversion <6 months) and persistent (QuantiFERON-TB+ for >1.5 year) infection. We characterised M.tb-specific CD4 T cell functional (IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, CD107, CD154), memory (CD45RA, CCR7, CD27, KLRG-1) and activation (HLA-DR) profiles by flow cytometry after CFP-10/ESAT-6 peptide pool or M.tb lysate stimulation. We then assessed the diagnostic performance of immune profiles that were differentially expressed between individuals with recent or persistent QuantiFERON-TB+. Findings CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific CD4 T cell activation but not functional or memory phenotypes distinguished between individuals with recent and persistent QuantiFERON-TB+. In response to M.tb lysate, recent QuantiFERON-TB+ individuals had lower proportions of highly differentiated IFN-γ+TNF+ CD4 T cells expressing a KLRG-1+ effector phenotype and higher proportions of early differentiated IFN-γ-TNF+IL-2+ and activated CD4 T cells compared to persistent QuantiFERON-TB+ individuals. Among all differentially expressed T cell features CFP-10/ESAT-6-specific CD4 T cell activation was the best performing diagnostic biomarker of recent infection. Interpretation Recent M.tb infection is associated with highly activated and moderately differentiated functional M.tb-specific T cell subsets, that can be used as biomarkers to distinguish between recent and remote infection. Funding US National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, South African National Research Foundation, South African Medical Research Council, and Aeras.

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“…When we get sick, our body’s first line of defense, the immune cells, responds and stores a memory of the pathogen; this is called immunological memory ( 1 ). Two types of functionally distinct memories have been described, i.e.…”

Section: Trained Innate Immunity and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science

Belizário¹

2020

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Immunological memory

Cited by 11 publications

References 7 publications

From Plant Survival Under Severe Stress to Anti-Viral Human Defense – A Perspective That Calls for Common Efforts

From Plant Survival Under Severe Stress to Anti-Viral Human Defense – A Perspective That Calls for Common Efforts

Immune profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T cells in recent and remote infection

Trained innate immunity, COVID-19 therapeutic dilemma, and fake science

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