Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Degroote, Roxane L.; Deeg, Cornelia A.

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.609855

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 130 publications

(207 reference statements)

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“…Several studies aiming for the detection of prevalence of T. gondii in different animal species by various serologic tests including latex agglutination test [11] , indirect hemagglutination test [12] , modified agglutination test [12] , indirect fluorescent antibody test [13] and SFDT [14] have been reported from different countries throughout the World.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Sabin- Feldman dye test among equines in Isparta province, Turkey

Aciöz¹,

Bozkaya

Babür³

2021

Parasitologists United Journal

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Background: Toxoplasmosis is a protozoan disease widely spread among different animal species with an incidence of up to 90%. The presence of this agent among equine species has been reported to be about 46.3%. T. gondii infection in equids could favor the spreading of the infection as equine carcasses are used for animal diets in zoos, as well as dead equine carcasses left outside villages are eaten by stray dogs and cats. This study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence of T. gondii among equine species (horses, donkeys, and mules) raised in Isparta province of Turkey by using Sabin Feldman dye test (SFDT) which is a reference test widely used for detecting T. gondii antibodies in different animal species. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the seroprevalence of T. gondii among equids in Isparta province, Turkey. Material and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 192 animals including horses (n=72), donkeys (n=88) and mules (n= 32) from January to December of 2016. Separated sera were tested for anti-T. gondii antibodies using SFDT. Results: Out of 192 samples, 44 (22.9%) reacted positive. Sero-positivity was 27.8%, 18.2% and 25.0% in horses, donkeys, and mules, respectively with no statistical difference. According to age of animals, the seroprevalence was 14.3%, 32.8%, and 20.8% in age groups 0-5, 6-10 and over 11 years, respectively with a statistically significant difference. Sero-positivity in male animals was 19.44% and in females 25.0%, with no statistical difference. Conclusion:The prevalence of exposure to T. gondii was determined as 22.9% in equids in Isparta province.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Sabin- Feldman dye test among equines in Isparta province, Turkey

Aciöz¹,

Bozkaya

Babür³

2021

Parasitologists United Journal

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“…Altogether, many of the immunological processes described for human autoimmune diseases [155,156] have also been found in horses suffering from ERU [133,134,142,[157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172]. Only a few authors considered that, in addition to autoimmune etiology, the permanent presence of leptospires in an "atypical" form could also be considered as a cause of recurrent episodes of uveitis [63,173,174].…”

Section: Historical and Preliminary Remarks On The Etiology Of Erumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Autoaggressive immune responses are detectable (e.g., autoantibodies and autoantigen-specific T cells); therefore, ERU is nevertheless referred to as an "autoimmune disease" in many papers. Thereby, it seems to be irrelevant what causes the autoimmune reactions [163,169,192]. However, studies of the working group of Deeg [157][158][159]165,170,193] were performed with samples from horses in which a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection was present [17][18][19][20][194][195][196][197][198][199] and in which no further inflammation occurred after vitrectomy [16], i.e., no further autoimmune disease occurred either.…”

Section: Leptospirosis and Autoimmune Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Differentiation of cells in uvea tissues and vitreous samples from ERU eyes revealed that there were many lymphocytes and plasma cells in both the uveal tissue [134,143,200] and vitreous samples. In the vitreous samples, further characterization of the lymphocytes was repeatedly performed [169,193,431]. The presence of TH-1 cells, which increase the effectiveness of phagocytosing and cytotoxic cells [134], is also compatible with chronic intraocular leptospiral infection.…”

Section: Cells and Cell Dynamics In Vitreous Specimens From Eru Eyesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis

2022

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Uveitis is a sight-threatening eye disease in equids known worldwide that leads to considerable pain and suffering. By far the most common type of uveitis in Germany and neighboring countries is classical equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), which is caused by chronic intraocular leptospiral infection and is the main cause of infectious uveitis in horses. Other infectious causes are extremely rare and are usually clinically distinguishable from ERU. ERU can be treated very effectively by vitreous cavity lavage (vitrectomy). For proper indications of this demanding surgery, it is necessary to differentiate ERU from other types of uveitis in which vitrectomy is not helpful. This can be conducted on the basis of anamnesis in combination with ophthalmologic findings and by aqueous humor examination. During vitrectomy, vitreous material is obtained. These vitreous samples have historically been used for numerous etiologic studies. In this way, a chronic intraocular leptospiral infection has been shown to be the cause of typical ERU and, among other findings, ERU has also been recognized as a biofilm infection, providing new insights into the pathogenesis of ERU and explaining some thus far unexplainable phenomena of ERU. ERU may not only have transmissible aspects to some types of uveitis in humans, but may also serve as a model for a spontaneously occurring biofilm infection. Vitreous material obtained during therapeutically indicated vitrectomy can be used for further studies on in vivo biofilm formation, biofilm composition and possible therapeutic approaches.

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“…In addition to direct evidence of the leptospiral infection of vitreous samples from eyes affected with ERU, evidence of autoimmunity also exists [49]. However, Prof. Deeg's research group [50] performed all investigations using vitreous samples, from which leptospiral infections were also regularly detected [13,21,39,[41][42][43]46].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vivo Biofilm Formation of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the Vitreous Humor of Horses with Recurrent Uveitis

et al. 2021

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Equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) causes painful inflammatory attacks and oftentimes blindness in the affected eyes. The disease is considered a late sequela of systemic leptospirosis. The most effective therapy is the surgical removal of the vitreous (vitrectomy), which is not only therapeutic, but provides vitreous material that can be assessed diagnostically. For example, the lipL32 gene, culturable Leptospira spp., and anti-Leptospira antibodies have all been detected in vitreous samples obtained from eyes with chronic ERU. Despite this clear evidence of leptospiral involvement, the systemic administration of antibiotics in infected horses is ineffective at resolving ERU. This syndrome of chronic recurrent inflammation, which is unresponsive to antibiotic therapy, combined with apparent bacteria evading the immune response, is consistent with a biofilm-associated infection. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to detect the in vivo biofilm formation of Leptospira spp. in vitreous samples collected during vitrectomy and examined using a Warthin-Starry silver stain and immunohistochemistry. All known steps of biofilm formation were visualized in these samples, including individual Leptospira spp., leptospiral microcolonies and dense roundish accumulations of Leptospira spp. In many instances spirochetes were surrounded by an extracellular substance. Taken together, data from the present study show that ERU is a biofilm-associated intraocular leptospiral infection, which best explains the typical clinical course.

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Immunological Insights in Equine Recurrent Uveitis

Cited by 11 publications

References 130 publications

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Sabin- Feldman dye test among equines in Isparta province, Turkey

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies using Sabin- Feldman dye test among equines in Isparta province, Turkey

Infectious Uveitis in Horses and New Insights in Its Leptospiral Biofilm-Related Pathogenesis

In Vivo Biofilm Formation of Pathogenic Leptospira spp. in the Vitreous Humor of Horses with Recurrent Uveitis

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