Immunological detection of human and camel cystic echinococcosis using different antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, protoscoleces, and germinal layers

Abstract

Background and Aim: Cystic echinococcosis (CE)/hydatidosis is one of the most prevalent neglected zoonotic diseases. It is initially asymptomatic and does not produce any clinical signs until the cyst becomes enlarged, causing localized pressure on internal organs and tissues. Therefore, the detection of Echinococcus granulosus antibodies is highly essential. This study evaluated the antigens of hydatid cyst fluid, protoscoleces, and germinal layers for efficient immunological diagnosis of CE in humans and camels. Materials and Methods: Hydatid cyst fluid (FLc), protoscoleces (Psc), and the germinal layer (GLc) antigens were prepared from camel-lung hydatid cysts. In the same way, hydatid cyst fluid (FLh) and protoscoleces (Psh) antigens from human-liver cyst aspirate were produced. The comparative immunodiagnostic efficacy of the prepared antigens was verified using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SDS-PAGE, and immunoblotting. Results: ELISA proves that FLc and GLc antigens were higher than FLh and Psh antigens. This shows that binding reactivity in naturally infected human sera, camel sera, and Psc is the most potent, exhibiting 100% sensitivity with 78.26% and 76.47% specificity in camel and human sera, respectively. The CE prevalence using diagnostic Psc was 54.79% and 61.32% in tested human and camel sera, respectively. The electrophoretic profiles of all shared antigens showed similarities at 52, 41, and 22 kDa. Immunoblotting demonstrated common immune-reactive bands in all antigen types at 52 and 41 kDa against positive human and camel sera. Conclusion: This immunological study introduces camel hydatid cyst Psc as a potent diagnostic antigen and new immune-reactive fractions of 52 and 41 kDa for diagnosing hydatidosis in humans and camels.

A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis

“…Immunodiagnosis remains an important tool for the diagnosis of CE in which different assays have been developed and used for the detection of specific antibodies in serum samples with variable results [ 27 , 28 , 29 ]. However, detection of serum antibodies has a major drawback as the demonstration of specific antibodies against the hydatid antigen cannot differentiate between recent and past infections [ 30 , 31 ] as the circulating antibodies persist even after clinical or parasitological treatments [ 32 ].…”

“…However, detection of serum antibodies has a major drawback as the demonstration of specific antibodies against the hydatid antigen cannot differentiate between recent and past infections [ 30 , 31 ] as the circulating antibodies persist even after clinical or parasitological treatments [ 32 ]. In addition, unsatisfactory performances shown by many commercially available immunoassays might be due to the poor quality of the prepared antigens [ 33 , 34 ] as a successful immunodiagnostic test depends on the use of highly specific and sensitive antigens, and the detection of the appropriate antibody class or subclass [ 28 , 29 ]. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used for the diagnosis of hydatidosis in human and animals [ 29 , 35 ].…”

“…In addition, unsatisfactory performances shown by many commercially available immunoassays might be due to the poor quality of the prepared antigens [ 33 , 34 ] as a successful immunodiagnostic test depends on the use of highly specific and sensitive antigens, and the detection of the appropriate antibody class or subclass [ 28 , 29 ]. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used for the diagnosis of hydatidosis in human and animals [ 29 , 35 ].…”

Alterations in Gut Microbiota Profiles of Mice Infected with Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato Microbiota Profiles of Mice Infected with E. granulosus s.l.

“…The infection rate is closely related to living habits and conditions, climate, environmental conditions, and livestock quarantine levels [ 3 ]. Infection occurs in humans, as well as in animals, such as sheep, pigs, goats, camels, buffaloes, and horses [ 4 ]. These natural intermediate hosts also have a high incidence rate in areas with high incidence of human echinococcosis.…”

Genotyping of Echinococcus granulosus in infected Livestock in Sharkia governorate, Egypt

“…Middle East countries, including Egypt, were perceived as human CE endemic areas and reported the infection in many regions with a prevalence range of more than 14 % in livestock [7] . Sheep and dogs form the main disease transmission pattern in Egypt, goats, camels, buffalo, and cattle contribute to different degrees to the parasite's life cycle [8] . Some parts of Egypt have reported instances of E. granulosus genotypes in several intermediate hosts inclusive of humans [9] .…”