Immunological Consequences of Changing Environmental Stimuli

Kelley, Keith W.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7544-6_12

Cited by 89 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…High environmental temperature and specific physical circumstances can cause unusual physical effects (Kelley, 1985;Ju et al, 2011a). For example, the percentage of leukocytes in the blood is altered as a result of smoking, by the time of day and during menstruation (Kauffmann et al, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study

Yong

et al. 2014

Animal

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Global warming is a challenge to animal health, because of increased heat stress, with subsequent induction of immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to disease. Toll-like receptors (TLR) are pattern recognition receptors that act as sentinels of pathogen invasion and tissue damage. Ligation of TLRs results in a signaling cascade and production of inflammatory cytokines, which eradicate pathogens and maintain the health of the host. We hypothesized that the TLR signaling pathway plays a role in immunosuppression in heat-stressed pigs. We explored the changes in the expression of TLR2, TLR4 and the concentration of acute inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-8, IL-12 and IFN-γ in Bama miniature pigs subjected to 21 consecutive days of heat stress, both in vitro and in vivo models. The results showed that heat stress induced the upregulation of cortisol in the plasma of pigs (P < 0.05); TLR4 mRNA was elevated, but IL-2 was reduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC, P < 0.05). The white blood cell count and the percentage of granulocytes (eosinophilic + basophilic) decreased significantly in heat-stressed pigs (P < 0.05). In the in vitro model (PBMC heat shocked for 1 h followed by a 9 h recovery period), TLR2 and TLR4 mRNA expression also increased, as did the concentration of IL-12 in supernatants. However, IFN-γ was significantly reduced in PBMC culture supernatants (P < 0.05). We concluded that a consecutive heat stress period elevated the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in PBMC and increased the plasma levels of inflammatory cytokines. These data indicate that TLR activation and dysregulation of cytokine expression in response to prolonged heat stress may be associated with immunosuppression and increased susceptibility to antigenic challenge in Bama miniature pigs.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study

Yong

et al. 2014

Animal

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“…However, this is not always the case. Along with the immune suppression observed in these studies, there has been evidence of immunostimulation (Kelley, 1985;Siegel, 1987), as well as no response (Regnier et al, 1980). Due to the considerable variation found in the above-mentioned responses, these researchers believe there are apparent differences in susceptibility to HS, based on genetic lines.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Dietary vitamin A can improve immune function in heat-stressed broilers

Niu

Wei

Liu

et al. 2009

Animal

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This experiment was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dietary vitamin A on the performance and immune competence of broilers under heat stress (HS). A total of 180 birds, at 22 days of age, were randomly assigned to be reared either at 248C (thermoneutral, TN, 248C, constant) or 248C to 388C (heat stress, HS, cycling) until the age of 42 days. Birds were then supplemented with vitamin A at 750, 1500, 15 000 IU/kg. Each of the 2 3 3 factorially arranged treatments were replicated in six cages, each containing five birds. Humoral immunity was assessed by intravenous injection of 7% sheep red blood cells (SRBC) followed by evaluation of serum for antibody titers in primary and secondary responses. Cell-mediated immunity was assessed by using a Sephadax stimulation method to recruit abdominal exudate cells (AEC) to evaluate macrophage phagocytic ability. Body weight (BW) and feed conversion were significantly affected by dietary vitamin A ( P , 0.05). HS significantly reduced BW, feed intake and feed conversion ( P , 0.05). Numbers of AEC, percentage of macrophages in AEC, phagocytic macrophages, internalized opsonized and unopsonized SRBC were increased by dietary vitamin A ( P , 0.05). Both primary and secondary antibody responses were characterized by increasing titers of antibody to SRBC by dietary vitamin A when birds were exposed to HS ( P , 0.05). Lymphoid organ weights, antibody responses, incidence of macrophages in AEC and phagocytic ability of macrophages were all significantly reduced under HS. These results indicated that HS severely reduced performance and immunocompetence of broilers, whereas the immune response of broilers improved by dietary vitamin A supplementation under HS.

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“…The effects of capture and transport-induced stress have been reported in various mammals including dolphins [14,15,19,20]. Stressful conditions interfere with the immune response [4,24].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Immunosuppression caused by stress has been mainly ascribed to adrenal secretions of corticosteroids [9,19]. In these reports, an elevation of serum cortisol is reported to be a good indicator of a stress response [14,15,19,20]. It has been reported that even 10 min after handling, the serum cortisol concentration had increased and peaked after 1.5 hr in bottlenose dolphins [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship between Transportation Stress and Polymorphonuclear Cell Functions of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

et al. 2007

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ABSTRACT. Dolphins in a captive environment are exposed to various kinds of stresses. Handling and transportation are stressful events for terrestrial mammals, and such stress may affect immune system function and increase susceptibility to infectious diseases. The same phenomenon could occur in dolphins, however, few studies have reported this in dolphins. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between stress and polymorphonuclear (PMN) cell function of dolphins during transportation. Four bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were transported for 6 hr by truck. Serum cortisol levels, leukograms, phagocytosis, and superoxide production of PMN cells were evaluated during handling and transportation compared to resting values. The mean serum cortisol level was significantly increased during handling and transportation (p<0.05) when compared with the resting values. White blood cell (WBC) counts, eosinophil counts, phagocytosis, and superoxide production of PMN cells during handling and transportation stages decreased significantly in comparison with the resting stage (p<0.05). The concentration of serum cortisol was significantly correlated with the results of the WBC counts, eosinophil counts, superoxide production, and phagocytosis (p<0.01, p<0.05, p<0.05, and p<0.001, respectively). The present results indicate that handling and transportation are stressful events for dolphins and could affect their PMN cell functions, thereby leading to the impairment of the immune system.

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Immunological Consequences of Changing Environmental Stimuli

Cited by 89 publications

References 106 publications

Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study

Heat stress upregulation of Toll-like receptors 2/4 and acute inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) of Bama miniature pigs: an in vivo and in vitro study

Dietary vitamin A can improve immune function in heat-stressed broilers

Relationship between Transportation Stress and Polymorphonuclear Cell Functions of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

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