Relationship between Transportation Stress and Polymorphonuclear Cell Functions of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

Noda, Katsura; Akiyoshi, Hideo; Aoki, Mica; Shimada, Terumasa; Ohashi, Fumihito

doi:10.1292/jvms.69.379

Cited by 32 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 27 publications

(43 reference statements)

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“…Blood samples collected from wild cetaceans may be affected by multiple factors such as handling stress and diet [31], [32], and hence they are not permitted for use by the Ethics Committees of Azabu University. Therefore, all blood samples in this study were obtained from captive cetaceans.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice

et al. 2010

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From an evolutionary perspective, the ancestors of cetaceans first lived in terrestrial environments prior to adapting to aquatic environments. Whereas anatomical and morphological adaptations to aquatic environments have been well studied, few studies have focused on physiological changes. We focused on plasma amino acid concentrations (aminograms) since they show distinct patterns under various physiological conditions. Plasma and urine aminograms were obtained from bottlenose dolphins, pacific white-sided dolphins, Risso's dolphins, false-killer whales and C57BL/6J and ICR mice. Hierarchical cluster analyses were employed to uncover a multitude of amino acid relationships among different species, which can help us understand the complex interrelations comprising metabolic adaptations. The cetacean aminograms formed a cluster that was markedly distinguishable from the mouse cluster, indicating that cetaceans and terrestrial mammals have quite different metabolic machinery for amino acids. Levels of carnosine and 3-methylhistidine, both of which are antioxidants, were substantially higher in cetaceans. Urea was markedly elevated in cetaceans, whereas the level of urea cycle-related amino acids was lower. Because diving mammals must cope with high rates of reactive oxygen species generation due to alterations in apnea/reoxygenation and ischemia-reperfusion processes, high concentrations of antioxidative amino acids are advantageous. Moreover, shifting the set point of urea cycle may be an adaption used for body water conservation in the hyperosmotic sea water environment, because urea functions as a major blood osmolyte. Furthermore, since dolphins are kept in many aquariums for observation, the evaluation of these aminograms may provide useful diagnostic indices for the assessment of cetacean health in artificial environments in the future.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice

et al. 2010

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“…lymphocytopenia (Ghazaly 1992;Barcellos et al 2004a,b) accompanied or not by neutrophilia (Ellsaesser & Clem 1986;Khangarot, Rathore & Tripathi 1999;Valenzuela, Silva & Klempau 2008;Rijn & Reina 2010). In accordance with the dichotomous response observed in leucocyte profiles after stress, the N:L ratio can be used as an index of a secondary stress response (Davis et al 2008), but just a few studies use this parameter to assess stress in fish (Rijn & Reina 2010;Anderson et al, 2011) despite the extensive body of evidence that sustain the N:L ratio (or Hetephils:Lymphocytes) as a measure of stress for other vertebrate groups (Gross & Siegel 1983;Hansen & Damgaard 1993;Fisher, Crowe, O Nuall ain, Monaghan, Prendiville, O'Kiely & Enright 1997;Davis, Anderson & Carroll 2000;Parga, Pendl & Forbes 2001;Moreno, Merino, Martinez, Sanz & Arriero 2002;Case, Lewbart & Doerr 2005;Obernier & Baldwin 2006;Chen, Niu & Pu 2007;L opez-Olvera, Marco, Montan e, Casas-D ıaz & Lav ın 2007;Noda, Akiyoshi, Aoki, Shimada & Ohashi 2007).…”

Section: Haematologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Leucocyte profile and growth rates as indicators of crowding stress in pejerrey fingerlings (Odontesthes bonariensis)

et al. 2014

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Crowding is one of the most common stressors found in intensive aquaculture, compromising growth rates and immune function. Plasmatic cortisol is a classic stress biomarker for fish, but its quantification is expensive and demands blood volumes that small individuals do not provide, constraining the usage of this technique to assess stress in fingerlings. The leucocyte profile is an alternative methodology to quantify stress with reduced costs and volumes of blood. Stress conditions promote neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia as response to elevated glucocorticoids levels. Considering the difficulties to assess stress imposed by intensive fish farming using measurement of glucocorticoid hormones, this study aimed to evaluate the stress‐induced changes in leucocyte profiles and growth rates imposed by crowding in fingerlings of Odontesthes bonariensis, a promising South‐American candidate for freshwater aquaculture. To meet these objectives, fingerlings (initial weight 0.05 ± 0.06 g and length 1.68 ± 0.13 cm) were reared for 45 days under three rearing densities (1, 5 and 10 fingerlings L−1). At the end of this period, fish were anaesthetized and euthanized to obtain the leucocyte profile, neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (N:L) and growth rate. Increasing density promoted: significant reduction in growth (final length, weight and specific growth rate); neutrophilia and lymphocytopenia; and increased N:L ratio. Concluding, the tested rearing densities imposed distinct levels of stress characterized by different N:L ratio, demonstrating that the leucocyte profile is a reliable alternative to measure stress levels in O. bonariensis fingerlings and probably in other fish species.

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“…Transporting animals from, for example, a vendor to a research laboratory, or from a farm to a slaughter house, causes a hormonal stress response as well as changes in leukocyte profiles. The N : L ratio has been shown to increase after the transportation in a variety of mammals including horses, goats, swine and cattle (reviewed in Obernier & Baldwin 2006) as well as beagles (Frank, Gauthier & Bergeron 2006), dolphins (Noda et al . 2007) and rhinos (Kock et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists

2008

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Summary 1.A growing number of ecologists are turning to the enumeration of white blood cells from blood smears (leukocyte profiles) to assess stress in animals. There has been some inconsistency and controversy in the ecological literature, however, regarding their interpretation. The inconsistencies may stem partly from a lack of information regarding how stress affects leukocytes in different taxa, and partly from a failure on the part of researchers in one discipline to consult potentially informative literature from another. 2. Here, we seek to address both issues by reviewing the literature on the leukocyte response to stress, spanning the taxa of mammals (including humans), birds, amphibians, reptiles and fish. 3. We show that much of the early literature points to a close link between leukocyte profiles and glucocorticoid levels. Specifically, these hormones act to increase the number and percentage of neutrophils (heterophils in birds and reptiles), while decreasing the number and percentage of lymphocytes. This phenomenon is seen in all five vertebrate taxa in response to either natural stressors or exogenous administration of stress hormones. For the ecologist, therefore, high ratios of heterophils or neutrophils to lymphocytes ('H : L' or 'N : L' ratios) in blood samples reliably indicate high glucocorticoid levels. Furthermore, this close relationship between stress hormones and N : L or H : L ratios needs to be highlighted more prominently in haematological assessments of stress, as it aids the interpretation of results. 4. As with hormone assays, there are challenges to overcome in the use of leukocytes profiles to assess levels of stress; however, there are also advantages to this approach, and we outline each. Given the universal and consistent nature of the haematological response to stress, plus the overwhelming evidence from the veterinary, biomedical and ecological literature reviewed here, we conclude that this method can provide a reliable assessment of stress in all vertebrate taxa.

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Relationship between Transportation Stress and Polymorphonuclear Cell Functions of Bottlenose Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice

Characteristic Metabolism of Free Amino Acids in Cetacean Plasma: Cluster Analysis and Comparison with Mice

Leucocyte profile and growth rates as indicators of crowding stress in pejerrey fingerlings (Odontesthes bonariensis)

The use of leukocyte profiles to measure stress in vertebrates: a review for ecologists

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