Immunological biomarkers of tolerance in human kidney transplantation: An updated literature review

Abstract

The half-life of transplanted kidneys is <10 years. Acute or chronic rejections have a negative impact on transplant outcome. Therefore, achieving to allograft tolerance for improving long-term transplant outcome is a desirable goal of transplantation field. In contrast, there are evidence that distinct immunological characteristics lead to tolerance in some transplant recipients. In contrast, the main reason for allograft loss is immunological responses. Various immune cells including T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, natural killer, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells damage graft tissue and, thereby, graft loss happens. Therefore, being armed with the comprehensive knowledge about either preimmunological or postimmunological characteristics of renal transplant patients may help us to achieve an operational tolerance. In the present study, we are going to review and discuss immunological characteristics of renal transplant recipients with rejection and compare them with tolerant subjects.

A Three-Gene Peripheral Blood Potential Diagnosis Signature for Acute Rejection in Renal Transplantation

“…In a previous study, downregulated genes in subclinical acute rejection were related to cytoskeleton organization, regulation of lymphocyte differentiation or cell death (Zhang et al, 2019), which is consistent with our results that genes involved in lymphocyte activation and differentiation were low expressed in the blood of high-risk patients with elevated tends to progress into AR. A similar phenomenon occurred in the assessment of immune cells, several subtypes of T cells were reduced in high-risk patients in all three cohorts, and a recent review also demonstrated the same decrease of T cell subtypes in peripheral blood of patients with allograft rejection (Mirzakhani et al, 2019). Our results suggested that the immune status in peripheral blood was so complicated, and the absence of increased transcription of immune responserelated genes may support the speculation that immune cells migrated from the periphery to kidney allograft (Viklicky et al, 2020).…”

The association between vitamin D and acute rejection in human kidney transplantation: A systematic review and meta-analysis study

“…Because of danger signals and innate allorecognition, innate immunity is immediately activated against the allograft and thereby result in the activation of adaptive immunity. These in ammatory responses have a negative effect on the transplantation outcome and could be a reason for acute rejection (41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46). Given the anti-in ammatory role of VitD (which was stated in the Introduction section), VitD non-de ciency (≥ 20 ng/ml) may modulate such in ammation and reduce the risk of acute rejection.…”

The Association Between Vitamin D and Acute Rejection in Human Kidney Transplantation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Study

“…Because of danger signals and innate allorecognition, innate immunity is immediately activated against the allograft and thereby result in the activation of adaptive immunity. These in ammatory responses have a negative effect on the transplantation outcome and could be a reason for acute rejection (41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46). Given the anti-in ammatory role of VitD (which was stated in the Introduction section), VitD non-de ciency (≥ 20 ng/ml) may modulate such in ammation and reduce the chance of acute rejection.…”