Immunologic aspects of veterinary anesthesia and analgesia

Effect of premedication and other factors on the occurrence of acute transfusion reactions in dogs

“…Another possible explanation for the low number of reactions seen in perioperative transfusion recipients lies in the probable link between general anesthesia and decreased immune function. Many studies in people have evaluated the effects of anesthetics on immunosuppression . Inhalant anesthetics have been found to suppress inflammatory cytokine production .…”

“…Studies have also shown that many injectable anesthetics suppress monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, and lymphocyte functions . In addition, surgical stress has shown to depress inflammatory cells and upregulate the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 . These anti‐inflammatory effects have a positive correlation with blood loss in surgery .…”

“…Many studies in people have evaluated the effects of anesthetics on immunosuppression. [48][49][50][51][52][53] Inhalant anesthetics have been found to suppress inflammatory cytokine production. 49,51 Studies have also shown that many injectable anesthetics suppress monocyte, macrophage, neutrophil, and lymphocyte functions.…”

“…48,49,51 In addition, surgical stress has shown to depress inflammatory cells and upregulate the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. 49,50 These antiinflammatory effects have a positive correlation with blood loss in surgery. 50 Half of the surgical patients in the current study received either pRBC or whole blood due to intraoperative anemia.…”

“…49,50 These antiinflammatory effects have a positive correlation with blood loss in surgery. 50 Half of the surgical patients in the current study received either pRBC or whole blood due to intraoperative anemia. Neither patient numbers nor reaction numbers in the perioperative group were sufficient for evaluation of different anesthetic protocols or intraoperative hemorrhage on outcomes.…”