Background and Aims: Visceral adiposity index (VAI), calculated with body mass index, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglycerides and waist circumference, has been proposed as a marker of visceral fat accumulation and dysfunction in adipose tissue. Methods: The impact of VAI on incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in a historical cohort study of 15,159 (8,260 men and 6,899 women) participants was investigated. CKD was defined when estimated glomerular filtration rate was < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 or proteinuria (positive: ≥1+). We divided the participants into 2 groups according to sex and into quartiles according to VAI (Q1-4). We performed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for age, smoking status, exercise, alcohol consumption, systolic blood pressure, hemoglobin A1c, uric acid, and creatinine. Results: During the median 3.3-year follow-up for men and 3.2-year follow-up for women, 1,078 participants (629 men and 449 women) developed CKD. The 4,000 days cumulative incidence rate of CKD for men and women were 3.7 and 3.9% in Q1, 5.2 and 5.9% in Q2, 6.5 and 7.0% in Q3, and 8.4 and 9.3% in Q4 respectively. Compared to Q1, the hazard ratios of incident CKD in Q2, Q3 and Q4 for men and women were 1.23 (95% CI 0.91-1.66, p = 0.184) and 1.30 (0.87-1.96, p = 0.203), 1.42 (1.06-1.90, p = 0.018) and 1.38 (0.94-2.05, p = 0.105), and 1.51 (1.12-2.02, p = 0.006) and 1.65 (1.12-2.46, p = 0.013) respectively. Additionally, the area under the curve of VAI for incidence of CKD was superior to that of VAI in men (0.595 vs. 0.552, p < 0.001) and equal to in women (0.597 vs. 0.591, p = 0.708). Conclusions: The VAI can be a predictor of incident CKD.blood after an overnight fast. We used the Japanese Society of Nephrology equation for calculating each patient's estimated GFR (eGFR): eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m 2 ) = 194 × serum creatinine -1.094 × age -0.287 (× 0.739 for women) [14]. Spot morning urine sample was measured.