Immunoinformatics and Immunogenetics-Based Design of Immunogenic Peptides Vaccine against the Emerging Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) and Its Validation through In Silico Cloning and Immune Simulation

Abstract

Pegivirus, HPgV, earlier known as Gb virus and hepatitis G virus, is an enveloped, positive-stranded RNA and lymphotropic virus classified into the Flaviviridae family. The transmission routes primarily involve blood products, with infections worldwide, leading up to 25% of persistent infections. To date, no effective therapeutic means are available to resolve Pegivirus infections. Effective vaccine therapeutics are the best alternative to manage this disease and any associated potential pandemic. Thus, whole proteome-based mining of immunogenic peptides, i.e., CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocytes), HTL (helper T lymphocytes) and B cell epitopes were mapped to design a vaccine ensemble. Our investigation revealed that 29 different epitopes impart a critical role in immune response induction, which was also validated by exploring its physiochemical properties and experimental feasibility. In silico expression and host immune simulation using an agent-based modeling approach confirmed the induction of both primary and secondary immune factors such as IL, cytokines and antibodies. The current study warrants further lab experiments to demonstrate its efficacy and safety.

Immunoinformatic Approach to Contrive a Next Generation Multi-Epitope Vaccine Against Achromobacter xylosoxidans Infections

“…Having prioritized carefully determined epitopes from previous steps, we were able to design a multi epitope vaccine construct. Linkers AAY, GPGPG and KK were, respectively, used between CTL, HTL, and B cell epitopes to accomplish this ( 27 ). Linking sequences are essential for extending the conformation of proteins (flexibility), allowing foldability, and separating functional domains, which ultimately makes the overall structure of protein more stable and therefore facilitates the protein expression ( 28 ).…”

“…For proper regulation of cellular protein networks, which perform various biological functions, such as cell-cell communication and activation of immune response and so on, appropriate folding of proteins is necessary ( 27 ). This study utilized all-atom molecular dynamics simulations approach to determine how the vaccine constructs fold and function.…”

Immunoinformatics and Biophysics Approaches to Design a Novel Multi-Epitopes Vaccine Design against Staphylococcus auricularis

“…In the last few years, numerous advancements in vaccinology have been reported. In modern vaccinology called reverse vaccinology (RV), we determine the antigenic surface proteins from a database of the genome [ 15 , 16 ]. In RV we identify good vaccine candidates by applying different vaccine filters [ 17 , 18 ].…”

Reverse Vaccinology and Immunoinformatic Assisted Designing of a Multi-Epitopes Based Vaccine Against Nosocomial Burkholderia cepacia

“…Recent advances in vaccine technology have led to computational reverse vaccinology, where antigenic surface proteins are determined from a genome dataset ( Rappuoli, 2000 ; Suleman et al, 2021 ; Alharbi et al, 2022b ). Vaccine for meningococcal serogroup B (4CMenB) was developed using reverse vaccinology ( Serruto et al, 2012 ).…”