Immunohistochemistry Biomarkers in Nonmuscle Invasive Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer (BCa) is the most frequent urinary tract neoplasm. BCa results in significant mortality when the disease presents as muscle invasive. Around 75% to 80% of patients present with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), but recurrence and progression are significant issues, compelling current guidelines to recommend long-term surveillance. There is therefore an urgent and unmet need to identify and validate accurate biomarkers for the detection of disease recurrence to improve quality of life for the patients and reduce costs for health care providers, while maintaining or improving current outcomes. In this review, 38 publications on immunohistochemistry prognostic biomarkers, that were studied may be related in nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer, have been analyzed. The studies were organized according to the evaluated marker and their findings. It was demonstrated that the combination of independent complementary biomarkers could allow a more accurate prognosis than an isolated marker. Biomarkers, including p53, Ki-67, and CK20, with classic and prognostic factors with recurrence and novel markers such as EN2 may provide a more accurate prediction of outcome compared with any single marker, improving risk stratification and clinical management of patients with BCa.

Depletion of CDC5L inhibits bladder cancer tumorigenesis

“…Bladder cancer (BCa) is one of the most prevalent cancers of the genitourinary system and occurs more commonly in men than women 1. Nearly three-quarters of bladder cancers are superficial [stages Ta, T1, carcinoma in situ (CIS)] at presentation which are now termed as non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) 2, 3.While the clinical treatment of bladder cancer has made great progress, the prognosis of BCa patients still remains unsatisfactory due to a high incidence of metastasis and invasion 4, 5.A number of gene mutations are closely related to the development of bladder cancer 6.Therefore, research into the molecular aetiology may provide insights into the mechanism of the development of bladder cancer.…”

Expression of engrailed homeobox 2 regulates the proliferation, migration and invasion of non‑small cell lung cancer cells

“…EN2 has been reported to serve an important role in the development of embryos and the nervous system (16). It has been demonstrated that EN2 is abnormally expressed in prostate, breast and bladder cancer, and is closely associated with the procession of tumors (17,18). However, the expression level and role of EN2 in NSCLC remains unclear.…”

Ki-67 Expression as a Predictive Factor of Muscle Invasion in Bladder Cancer

“…MIBC tend to have a poor prognosis. It is imperative to develop an early diagnosis, as well as appropriate treatment in a patient with bladder cancer [ 3 ].…”

“…Immunohistochemistry is an established method that supports histopathologic assessment in the diagnosis of various benign and malignant diseases. In 1982, Nathrath et al were the first to experiment on bladder cancer paraffin sample and documenting a set of keratin and carcinoembryonic antigen [ 3 ]. Since then, the prognostic value of immunohistochemistry marker becomes important.…”