Immunohistochemical study on the immunocompetent cells of the pulp in human non-carious and carious teeth

Izumi, Toshio; Kobayashi, Ieyoshi; Okamura, Kazuhiko; Sakai, Hidetaka

doi:10.1016/0003-9969(95)00024-j

Cited by 111 publications

(113 citation statements)

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“…Among immune cells, macrophages are considered to play critical roles in tissue homeostasis and mediate innate and subsequent acquired immune responses. Several studies have clarified that macrophages predominate inflamed pulp tissues (Izumi et al 1995;Bruno et al 2010) and that their number increases with the progression of caries in human pulp tissues (Hahn et al 2000;Hahn and Liewehr 2007). Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-the major proinflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages-have been shown to be discriminatively elevated in the inflamed pulp as compared with the healthy pulp (McLachlan et al 2004;Veerayutthwilai et al 2007;Cooper et al 2010), suggesting that macrophages play a key role in the progression of pulpal inflammation and contribute to the pathologic transition from reversible to irreversible pulpitis (IP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DPSCs from Inflamed Pulp Modulate Macrophage Function via the TNF-α/IDO Axis

et al. 2016

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Human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be isolated from inflamed pulp derived from carious teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (I-DPSCs), which possess stemness and multidifferentiation potentials similar to DPSCs from healthy pulp. Since macrophagesessential cell players of the pulpal innate immunity-can regulate pulpal inflammation and repair, the authors investigated the immunomodulatory effects of DPSCs/I-DPSCs on macrophage functions and their underlying mechanisms. Similar to DPSCs, I-DPSCs were capable of colony-forming efficiency and adipogenic and osteo/dentinogenic differentiation under in vitro induction conditions. I-DPSCs also expressed a similar phenotypic profile of mesenchymal stem cell markers, except a relatively higher level of CD146 as compared with DPSCs. Coculture of DPSCs or I-DPSCs with differentiated THP-1 cells, the human monocyte cell line, markedly suppressed tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) secretion in response to stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and/or nigericin. However, unlike TNF-α, the secreted level of interleukin 1β was not affected by coculture with DPSCs or I-DPSCs. Furthermore, DPSC/I-DPSC-mediated inhibition of TNF-α secretion by macrophages was abolished by pretreatment with 1-methyl-D-tryptophan, a specific inhibitor of indoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), but not by NSC-398, a specific inhibitor of COX-2, suggesting IDO as a mediator. Interestingly, IDO expression was significantly augmented in macrophages and mesenchymal stromal cells in inflamed human pulp tissues. Collectively, these findings show that I-DPSCs, similar to DPSCs, possess stem cell properties and suppress macrophage functions via the TNF-α/IDO axis, thereby providing a physiologically relevant context for their innate immunomodulatory activity in the dental pulp and their capability for pulp repair.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DPSCs from Inflamed Pulp Modulate Macrophage Function via the TNF-α/IDO Axis

et al. 2016

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“…Pulp inflammation is a dynamic and complex process involving a number of neural, vascular and immunological reactions [5,6], often varied in different tissue regions [7]. In the case of severe chronic inflammation the tissue becomes necrotic, whereas chronic irritation of smaller intensity can lead to pulp degeneration and atrophy [8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characteristics of dental pulp in human upper first premolar teeth based on immunohistochemical and morphometric examinations

Tomaszewska

B²,

Borysewicz−Lewicka³

et al. 2013

Folia Histochem Cytobiol.

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Teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons are commonly considered as healthy. Therefore, it is possible to examine structure of the dental pulp can be fully recognized and how it is affected by malocclusion. The aim of the study was to evaluate by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and morphometry dental pulp in human upper first premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons. The material comprised 36 teeth of 20 patients in the age range 16-26 years. By the use of IHC markers the presence of immunocompetent cells (CD20, CD45RO, and CD68), blood vessels (CD31) and nerves (PGP9.5) were examined in the pulp. Inflammatory infiltrates and tissue atrophy were observed in 24 and 10 teeth, respectively. Strong positive correlation between the width of the odontoblastic layer, the number of rows of odontoblast nuclei and the increase of MVA (microvessel area) in the pulp of atrophic teeth was found. The cellular infiltrations found in H&E-stained sections were identified by IHC as memory T cells (CD45RO+) and B lymphocytes (CD20+) with macrophages (CD68+) present at the periphery. The CD20 antigen was intensively expressed in 13 teeth, CD45RO in 33 teeth, and CD68 in 20 teeth. Thus, despite the lack of any clinical signs of pulp disease many teeth extracted for orthodontic reasons show focal pulp inflammation and atrophy which probably results from the malocclusion stress accompanying teeth crowding.

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“…A chronic pulpal inflammation under caries is likely elicited by bacterial antigens that diffuse into the pulp through dentinal tubules (2,3,14). Immunohistological studies of dental pulps under shallow caries have revealed a lesion that is restricted almost exclusively to T cells, with CD8 ϩ T cells predominating (9, 14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Cytokine Induction byStreptococcus mutansand Pulpal Pathogenesis

2000

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Chronic pulpal inflammation under caries appears to be elicited by bacterial antigens that diffuse into the pulp through dentinal tubules. This prompted the hypothesis that cytokines elicited by antigens from Streptococcus mutans, which frequently dominates shallow lesions, could play a major role in eliciting the initial T-cell response in the pulp. To test this, we examined the ability of S. mutans to stimulate T cells and elicit cytokines and used Lactobacillus casei, which often predominates in deep carious lesions where B cells and plasma cells predominate, as a control. In addition, the presence of cytokines in the pulp was analyzed at the mRNA level. S. mutans elicited potent gamma interferon (IFN-␥) responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures and reduced the CD4/CD8 ratio by promoting CD8 ؉ T cells. Multiple inflammatory cytokine mRNAs (IFN-␥, interleukin 4 [IL-4], and IL-10) were detected in human dental pulp. A higher prevalence of IFN-␥ (67%) than IL-4 (19%) or IL-10 (29%) was obtained in shallow caries, suggesting a type 1 cytokine mechanism in early pulpitis where S. mutans predominates. In contrast, in deep caries no differences in cytokine frequency were observed. Furthermore, the presence of IFN-␥ in the pulp correlated with the presence of S. mutans. The extraordinary induction of type 1 cytokines and the preferential activation of CD8 ؉ T cells by S. mutans offers an explanation for the etiology of the CD8 ؉ T-cell-dominant lesion in early pulpitis and suggests that S. mutans may have a major impact on the initial lesion and pulpal pathology.Although the dental pulp is equipped with cells of the immune system (16), the immune response in the pulp to caries pathogens is poorly understood. A chronic pulpal inflammation under caries is likely elicited by bacterial antigens that diffuse into the pulp through dentinal tubules (2,3,14). Immunohistological studies of dental pulps under shallow caries have revealed a lesion that is restricted almost exclusively to T cells, with CD8 ϩ T cells predominating (9, 14). As the carious lesion enlarges and invades the inflamed dental pulp, CD8 ϩ T cells continue to dominate but CD4 ϩ T cells, B cells, and plasma cells appear in substantial numbers (9,14). We are interested in understanding why the immune cell types shift during caries progression. We reasoned that antigens associated with the caries pathogens may preferentially elicit different immune cell types during caries invasion. The dominant organisms in the lesions, which likely elicit host responses, shift from Streptococcus mutans in shallow caries to Lactobacillus casei in deep carious lesions.A type 1 cytokine response is defined as promoting cellmediated response, with gamma interferon (IFN-␥) as the prototypic cytokine and a clear association with interleukin 2 (IL-2), tumor necrosis factor beta, and IL-12. A type 2 response is characterized as promoting one or more B-cell activities, with IL-4 as the prototypic cytokine and an association with IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-13 (18). This ...

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Immunohistochemical study on the immunocompetent cells of the pulp in human non-carious and carious teeth

Cited by 111 publications

References 12 publications

DPSCs from Inflamed Pulp Modulate Macrophage Function via the TNF-α/IDO Axis

DPSCs from Inflamed Pulp Modulate Macrophage Function via the TNF-α/IDO Axis

Characteristics of dental pulp in human upper first premolar teeth based on immunohistochemical and morphometric examinations

Cytokine Induction byStreptococcus mutansand Pulpal Pathogenesis

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