Immunohistochemical Localization of Somatostatin in the Brain of Chinese Alligator <i>Alligator sinensis</i>

Wang, Huan; Zhang, Ruidong; Zhang, Shengzhou; Zhou, Yongkang; Wu, Xiaobing

doi:10.1002/ar.23474

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 47 publications

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“…It is meaningful to study the central nervous system of the Yangtze alligator since the significant role of the alligator in evolution; meanwhile, the cerebellum plays an important role in coordination and motor control (Fine et al, ). At present, there were only two reports which had studied the cerebellar cortex of Yangtze alligator (Liu et al, ; Wang et al, ). In the present study, the distributions of two classical neurotransmitters (5‐HT and DA) were investigated in the cerebellum of the new‐hatching Yangtze alligator for the first time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New‐Hatching Yangtze AlligatorAlligator sinensis

Ren

Chen

Yang

et al. 2018

The Anatomical Record

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Nissl and immunohistochemical staining methods were used to morphologically characterize the cerebellum of the new‐hatching Yangtze alligator, and the cerebellar histological structure and the distribution profiles of 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) and dopamine (DA) neurons were investigated for the first time. The results of cerebellar histological structure showed that there was a ventriculus cerebelli in the cerebellum of the new‐hatching Yangtze alligator, the surface of the cerebellar cortex was not very smooth, the cerebellar cortex could be divided into four layers, which include external granular layer, molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer and granular layer, Purkinje cell layer could be characterized specially by multilayer, two cerebellar nuclei termed as the nucleus cerebelli lateralis and the nucleus cerebelli medialis were found in the cerebellar medulla. 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐immunoreactive (5‐HT‐IR) and dopamine‐immunoreactive (DA‐IR) neurons and fibers distributed widely in the cerebellum. The structures and profiles of 5‐HT‐IR and DA‐IR neurons and fibers in the cerebellum of the Yangtze alligator were similar to that reported in other reptiles, but also had some specific features. The abundance of 5‐HT and DA in cerebellum suggested that these highly conserved neurotransmitters would play important roles in motor control. Anat Rec, 302:861–868, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New‐Hatching Yangtze AlligatorAlligator sinensis

Ren

Chen

Yang

et al. 2018

The Anatomical Record

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Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Neurons Sense pH Changes and Motion in the Hypothalamus

et al. 2018

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CSF-contacting (CSF-c) cells are present in the walls of the brain ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord and found throughout the vertebrate phylum. We recently identified ciliated somatostatin-/GABA-expressing CSF-c neurons in the lamprey spinal cord that act as pH sensors as well as mechanoreceptors. In the same neuron, acidic and alkaline responses are mediated through ASIC3-like and PKD2L1 channels, respectively. Here, we investigate the functional properties of the ciliated somatostatin-/GABA-positive CSF-c neurons in the hypothalamus by performing whole-cell recordings in hypothalamic slices. Depolarizing current pulses readily evoked action potentials, but hypothalamic CSF-c neurons had no or a very low level of spontaneous activity at pH 7.4. They responded, however, with membrane potential depolarization and trains of action potentials to small deviations in pH in both the acidic and alkaline direction. Like in spinal CSF-c neurons, the acidic response in hypothalamic cells is mediated via ASIC3-like channels. In contrast, the alkaline response appears to depend on connexin hemichannels, not on PKD2L1 channels. We also show that hypothalamic CSF-c neurons respond to mechanical stimulation induced by fluid movements along the wall of the third ventricle, a response mediated via ASIC3-like channels. The hypothalamic CSF-c neurons extend their processes dorsally, ventrally, and laterally, but as yet, the effects exerted on hypothalamic circuits are unknown. With similar neurons being present in rodents, the pH- and mechanosensing ability of hypothalamic CSF-c neurons is most likely conserved throughout vertebrate phylogeny. CSF-contacting neurons are present in all vertebrates and are located mainly in the hypothalamic area and the spinal cord. Here, we report that the somatostatin-/GABA-expressing CSF-c neurons in the lamprey hypothalamus sense bidirectional deviations in the extracellular pH and do so via different molecular mechanisms. They also serve as mechanoreceptors. The hypothalamic CSF-c neurons have extensive axonal ramifications and may decrease the level of motor activity via release of somatostatin. In conclusion, hypothalamic somatostatin-/GABA-expressing CSF-c neurons, as well as their spinal counterpart, represent a novel homeostatic mechanism designed to sense any deviation from physiological pH and thus constitute a feedback regulatory system intrinsic to the CNS, possibly serving a protective role from damage caused by changes in pH.

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Immunohistochemical Localization of Somatostatin in the Brain of Chinese Alligator Alligator sinensis

Cited by 2 publications

References 47 publications

5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New‐Hatching Yangtze AlligatorAlligator sinensis

5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Dopamine Neurons in the Cerebellum of the New‐Hatching Yangtze AlligatorAlligator sinensis

Cerebrospinal Fluid-Contacting Neurons Sense pH Changes and Motion in the Hypothalamus

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