“…The incidence of early pregnancy loss within 12 weeks of gestation is approximately 10–12% of pregnant women, and RPL occurs in 1% of pregnant women [ 3 , 4 ]. Etiological factors of RPL include advanced maternal age, immunological problems, endocrine dysfunction, and anomalies of maternal anatomy, chromosomes, and placenta [ 5 , 6 , 7 ]. Moreover, environmental factors such as infection, smoking, alcohol, psychological trauma, and stress may contribute to RPL [ 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”