Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural properties of the larval ciliary band-associated strand in the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

Katow, Hideki; Katow, Tomoko; Yoshida, Hiromi; Kiyomoto, Masato; Uemura, Isao

doi:10.1186/s12983-016-0159-8

Cited by 12 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…The projections are on the surface of the cells at the base of the microvilli, beneath the hyaline layer (Lacalli et al, 1990;Lacalli & West, 1993). In echinoplutei there are similar projections that extend along the length of the ciliary band (Katow et al, 2016;Lacalli & West, 1993;Nakajima, 1986a). In addition to microvillar projections, sensory cells with modified cilia have been described in plutei.…”

Section: Nervous System Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic neurogenesis in echinoderms

Hinman

Burke

2018

WIREs Developmental Biology

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The phylogenetic position of echinoderms is well suited to revealing shared features of deuterostomes that distinguish them from other bilaterians. Although echinoderm neurobiology remains understudied, genomic resources, molecular methods, and systems approaches have enabled progress in understanding mechanisms of embryonic neurogenesis. Even though the morphology of echinoderm larvae is diverse, larval nervous systems, which arise during gastrulation, have numerous similarities in their organization. Diverse neural subtypes and specialized sensory neurons have been identified and details of neuroanatomy using neuron-specific labels provide hypotheses for neural function. The early patterning of ectoderm and specification of axes has been well studied in several species and underlying gene regulatory networks have been established. The cells giving rise to central and peripheral neural components have been identified in urchins and sea stars. Neurogenesis includes typical metazoan features of asymmetric division of neural progenitors and in some cases limited proliferation of neural precursors. Delta/Notch signaling has been identified as having critical roles in regulating neural patterning and differentiation. Several transcription factors functioning in pro-neural phases of specification, neural differentiation, and sub-type specification have been identified and structural or functional components of neurons are used as differentiation markers. Several methods for altering expression in embryos have revealed aspects of a regulatory hierarchy of transcription factors in neurogenesis. Interfacing neurogenic gene regulatory networks to the networks regulating ectodermal domains and identifying the spatial and temporal inputs that pattern the larval nervous system is a major challenge that will contribute substantially to our understanding of the evolution of metazoan nervous systems. This article is categorized under: Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems Comparative Development and Evolution > Body Plan Evolution Early Embryonic Development > Gastrulation and Neurulation.

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Section: Nervous System Functionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Embryonic neurogenesis in echinoderms

Hinman

Burke

2018

WIREs Developmental Biology

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“…Swimming (sBL) and mesenchyme blastulae (mBL), gastrulation half-completed gastrulae (1/2G), and prism larvae, 2aPL and 4aPL were dissolved in lysis buffer [10 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) with 6 M urea and 1 % Nonidet P-40 (v/v)], lyophilized and stored at -20℃ until use (Katow et al, 2016). These lyophilized samples were dissolved in 0.1 M Tris-SDS β-ME sample treatment buffer (Cosmo Bio Co., Ltd, Tokyo, 135-0016, Japan), loaded in gels (3 µg/lane) and separated on 2-15 % gradient sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel [Multigel II Mini 2/15 (13W); Cosmo Bio., Ltd] electrophoresis with 3-color Prestained XL-Ladder molecular weight marker (APRO Life Science Inst.…”

Section: Immunoblottingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Anti-GAD Ab was diluted 1: 500 in PBST. These primary Abs were visualized by Alexa Fluor 488-or Alexa Fluor 594-tagged anti-mouse or rabbit IgG (diluted 1:500-750 in PBST; Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA) as described previously (Katow et al, 2016). The nuclei of the samples were further counterstained with 4', for figure plates preparation.…”

Section: Whole-mount Immunohistochemistry (Wmihc)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our previous ultrastructural analysis of the CBAS by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) detected groups of numerous cytoplasmic vesicles, including synaptic vesicles (SV) in the cytoplasm (Katow et al, 2016). The major membrane component of these endoplasmic vesicles (EV) is synaptophysin (Syp) (McMahon et al, 1996;Sethi et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The major membrane component of these endoplasmic vesicles (EV) is synaptophysin (Syp) (McMahon et al, 1996;Sethi et al, 2013). The CBAS contains numerous Syp-immunoreactive puncta (Katow et al, 2016), suggesting neurosecretory activity of the organ. In addition to the sea urchin, Syp has been reported in vast phylogenetic groups of invertebrates, such as the flatworm (Schistosoma mansoni; Rabelo et al, 1997), C. elegans (Abraham et al, 2011), insects (Calábria, et al, 2011;Stevens et al, 2012), Aplysia (Jin et al, 2011) and Octopus (Zhang et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ontogeny of a synaptophysin-mediated GABA transmission mechanism from the ciliary band-associated strand to the ciliary band during the development of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus

Katow

Yoshida

Katow

et al. 2018

Preprint

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Swimming activity of the sea urchin larva depends on ciliary beating primarily in the circumoral ciliary band (CB) and is regulated by several neurotransmitters, such as 5HT, dopamine and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Accordingly, the larval swimming activity is severely inhibited by 3-mercaptopropionic acid [a glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) inhibitor]. Although GABA is detected in the CB, GAD is absent. GAD is expressed in the spatially segregated nearby ciliary band-associated strand (CBAS). Thus, it is assumed that GABA transmission extends from the CBAS to the CB. Here, we examined the synaptic transmission mechanism by focusing on the spatiotemporal expression pattern of synaptophysin (Syp), a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein. The sea urchin has a single copy of the Syp gene, which encodes a 266-amino acid protein with possibly 4 transmembrane domains. We generated an anti-Syp antibody (Ab).Immunoblotting (IB) detected Ab binding to a single band at approximately 38 kDa.Whole-mount immunohistochemistry (WMIHC) detected high intensity Ab binding to the CBAS. Syp was initially detected at the mesenchyme blastula stage (mBL) as a single band by IB. Accordingly, WMIHC detected Syp in the cytoplasm of small patches of several ectodermal cells at the mBL stage. Syp has also been detected in the cytoplasm of blastocoelar cells from the prism stage to the 2-arm pluteus stage (2aPL). By the 4aPL stage, Syp was expressed in the CBAS and was moderately expressed among the blastocoelar cells. Distinctive co-localization of GABA and Syp was not detected until the 2aPL stage. Beginning at the 4aPL stage, GABA was detected in the CB and Syp-positive puncta in the CBAS. In the CB, GABA was co-localized with the GABA-A receptor (GABA A R). Thus, the GABA signal may be transmitted from GAD in the CBAS through a Syp-mediated system to the CB and then, in the CB, to the basal body of the cilia through GABA A R.

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