Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish: A comparative approach

Wiegertjes, G.F.; Stet, R.J.M.; Parmentier, H.K.; Muiswinkel, W.B. van

doi:10.1016/s0145-305x(96)00032-8

Cited by 334 publications

(164 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…Globulin is made up of subunit of α1, α2, β, and γ globulins, which are considered as the source of almost all the immunologically active proteins in the blood (Jha et al 2007). Commonly, increases in the levels of plasma total protein, albumin and globulin in fish are thought to be associated with a stronger innate response (Wiegertjes et al 1996). Although albumin did not increase in most of the treatment groups in the present study, globulin tended to respond similarly to total protein, which significantly increased in all experimental groups on day 15 and 30.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Silymarin Extract (Silybum Marianum) on Some Immune Parameters of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Ahmadi¹,

Banaee²,

Vosoghei³

et al. 2012

Acta Icth et Piscat

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Ataeimehr B. 2012. Evaluation of the immunomodulatory effects of silymarin extract (Silybum marianum) on some immune parameters of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae). Acta Ichthyol. Piscat. 42 (2): 113-120.Background. Herbal medicines are increasingly used for their effects on the immune system. Silymarin, a mixture of flavonolignans from the seed of milk thistle (Silybum marianum), is used in treatment of liver disease, food and drug poising, and foetal diseases such as viral hepatitis, diabetes, and ischemia. Although, immunostimulant effects of the dietary silymarin were studied on different experimental animals, no information is available about the effects of silymarin on immune parameters of fish. The presently reported study was conducted to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of silymarin on some immunological and haematological parameters of rainbow trout. Materials and methods. Juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum, 1792), were maintained in 1000 L fiberglass tanks at 15 ± 2ºC supplied with systems of water recirculation and aeration. Silymarin extract incorporated into diets (0.0, 0.1, 0.4, and 0.8 g of per 1 kg of feed) of fish. The trout were fed silymarin-supplemented diet for 30 days. Haematological parameters, such as red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cell count (WBC), haematocrit (Hct), haemoglobin (Hb), differential leukocyte-and immunological parameters such as peroxidase, lysozyme, and complement activities, total protein, albumin and globulin levels were measured on day 7, 15, and 30 days of silymarin treatment. Results. The results indicated that oral administration of silymarin in fish, after 15 and 30 days of experimental periods, might enhance haematological and immunological parameters including lysozyme and complement activities, total protein and globulin levels, compared to the controls. Conclusion. The results suggest that oral administration of silymarin may be useful to strengthen the immune system in rainbow trout.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 58%

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Silymarin Extract (Silybum Marianum) on Some Immune Parameters of Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Ahmadi¹,

Banaee²,

Vosoghei³

et al. 2012

Acta Icth et Piscat

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“…Plasma total protein is elevated when dietary protein intake increases (Leveille and Sauberlich, 1961) indicating improved physiological condition (Dawson and Bortolotti, 1997). Also, it has been suggested that increased blood protein level is associated with enhanced innate immune response in fish (Wiegertjes et al, 1996). In the current study significant enhancements in plasma total protein level was observed at increased isoleucine levels.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 49%

Untitled

Lee¹

2014

Turk. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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A 9-week feeding trial was conducted in low temperature season to evaluate the effects of varying levels of dietary isoleucine on hematology and innate immune response of juvenile olive flounder. Six isonitrogenous (45% crude protein) and isocaloric (4.45 kcal g -1 gross energy) diets containing graded levels of isoleucine (0.48, 0.87, 1.43, 1.94, 2.37 and 2.78% dry diet) were formulated. Triplicate groups of fish (8.59 ± 0.13 g) were fed the six test diets to apparent satiation twice daily. Fish growth performance was affected by dietary isoleucine levels and the highest growth was obtained at 1.43% isoleucine. The results showed the significant (P<0.05) increase of plasma total protein and cholesterol concentrations at isoleucine levels of 1.43 -2.37% compared to those offered 0.48% isoleucine. Also, significant reductions in plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities were detected by increment of dietary isoleucine up to 1.94%. Fish innate immunity was significantly affected by isoleucine levels. Significantly higher lysozyme activity was found at 0.87 -2.37% isoleucine and superoxide dismutase activity increased at 1.94-2.37% isoleucine levels. Respiratory burst activity and total immunoglobulin level were significantly enhanced at isoleucine levels of 1.43-1.94 and 1.94%, respectively. The findings in this study showed that inclusion of approximately 2% isoleucine in diets for olive flounder can enhance innate immunity. To estimate isoleucine requirement of the species further studies are required.

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“…The concentration of total protein in blood serum is used as a basic index for the health status of fish (Mulcahy 1971). Increases in the serum protein, albumin, and globulin levels are thought to be associated with a stronger innate response in fishes (Wiegertjes et al 1996). In fish reared in normal water (unexposed fish), lecithin-and betaine-fed groups had higher total protein and globulin than the control.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

Muthappa

Gupta

Yengkokpam

et al. 2014

Cell Stress and Chaperones

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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of different lipotropes in modulating immunity and biochemical plasticity under conditions of sublethal low-dose pesticide-induced stress in fish. Labeo rohita fish fingerlings were divided in two sets with one set of fish continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan (1/10th of 96-h LC 50 ) for 21 days, the other was unexposed, and both sets of fish were fed with practical diets supplemented with either 2 % lecithin, 0.5 % betaine, or 0.1 % choline and compared against unsupplemented diet. Low-dose endosulfan exposure had adverse effects (P<0.05/P<0.01) on hematological profile (erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit), serum protein (total protein, albumin, and globulin) and lipid profile (cholesterol and triglyceride), anti-oxidative status (ascorbic acid content of muscle, liver, brain, and kidney and activity of anti-oxidative enzymes: catalase and superoxide dismutase), neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase activity in muscle and brain), immunological attributes (WBC count, albumin to globulin ratio, phagocytic activity, and serum cortisol), and metabolic plasticity as revealed from enzyme activities (muscle lactate dehydrogenase, liver and kidney glucose-6-phosphatase dehydrogenase-G6PDH activity). Dietary lipotropes prevented these effects completely or partially and the effects were lipotrope dependent. Kinetics (maximum velocity value V max , catalytic efficiency and Michaelis constant K m ) of G6PDH enzyme from crude extracts of liver and kidney indicated inhibition due to endosulfan but lipotropes could protect enzyme and showed a stabilizing effect. The supplements also helped maintain integrity of histoarchitecture of the hepatocytes in endosulfan-exposed fish to a great extent. Feeding lipotropes to fish reared in endosulfan-free water also improved hematological and serum protein and lipid profiles and were immunostimulatory. In conclusion, dietary lipotropes, especially betaine and lecithin at the levels used, improve erythropoiesis, serum protein and lipid profile, anti-oxidant status, immunocompetence, neurotransmission, and protect the livers of L. rohita fingerlings even when continuously exposed to low-dose endosulfan.

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Immunogenetics of disease resistance in fish: A comparative approach

Cited by 334 publications

References 88 publications

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Silymarin Extract (<I>Silybum Marianum</I>) on Some Immune Parameters of Rainbow Trout, <I>Oncorhynchus Mykiss</I> (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Evaluation of the Immunomodulatory Effects of Silymarin Extract (<I>Silybum Marianum</I>) on Some Immune Parameters of Rainbow Trout, <I>Oncorhynchus Mykiss</I> (Actinopterygii: Salmoniformes: Salmonidae)

Untitled

Lipotropes promote immunobiochemical plasticity and protect fish against low-dose pesticide-induced oxidative stress

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