Immunocytochemistry of the taurine biosynthesis enzyme, cysteine sulfinate decar☐ylase, in the cerebellum: Evidence for a glial licalization

Almarghini, K.; Remy, Arnaud; Tappaz, Marcel

doi:10.1016/0306-4522(91)90421-j

Cited by 47 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…The high concentration of hypotaurine in the glia cell extracts corresponds very well to previously reported findings that enzymes catalysing the taurine/hypotaurine biosynthesis from cysteine are localized in glia cells only, but not in neurons [19].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells

1993

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In this multinuclear NMR study myo-inositol is identified as a glia-specific marker for in vivo NMR studies. The unusually high inositol concentration may participate in the osmoregulatory system in asupcytes. Primary astrocytes also synthesize and export high amounts of hypotaurine, an intermediate of taurine synthesis. Taurine – another osmolyte – is synthesized from cysteine by astrocytes but not by primary neurons. Taurine as well as hypotaurine is accumulated by neurons from the extracellular medium. ¹³C NMR labelling results with 2-¹³C pyruvate indicate a considerable contribution of the anaplerotic pathway in primary neurons from rat. The activity is only half of the activity in primary astrocytes. The ratio of pyruvate carboxy-lase/malic enzyme activity versus pyruvate dehydrogenase activity reflects the degree of maturation. The ¹³C isotopomer ratio of glutamate and glutamine is different for pure astrocyte cultures. Therefore, the different isotopomer ratios of glutamate to glutamine obtained from intact brain studies alone do not prove TCA cycle compartimentation in the brain. Finally, the PCr/ATP ratio in primary astrocytes is 3 times higher than in primary neurons. This has to be considered in case of recovery from ischemic insults.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells

1993

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“…Recently, the distribution of immunocytochemically identified taurine has been determined within the mammalian brain. In contrast to the observations that neuronal labeling predominates in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and cerebral cortex (Ottersen et al, 1988;Magnusson et al, 1988Magnusson et al, , 1989Almarghini et al, 1991;Pirvola and Panula, 1992), taurine immunoreactivity is most prominent in glial cells in the hypothalamus (Madsen et al, 1985;Decavel and Hatton, 1995). This differential cellular localization suggests that taurine has specialized physiological functions in different areas of the CNS.…”

contrasting

confidence: 73%

“…Taurine has been demonstrated to be a potent anticonvulsant in the CNS; indeed, taurine has protective effects in disease states such as epilepsy, hypoxia/ischemia, and excitotoxicity, all of which may be associated with excitatory amino acids (Durelli and Mutani, 1983;French et al, 1986;Schurr et al, 1987). Finally, the taurine synthetic enzyme, cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase, has been localized in certain cerebellar neurons and glia (Almarghini et al, 1991) and in hippocampal neurons (Taber et al, 1986;Magnusson et al, 1989). Although the properties of taurine release differ in many respects from those of the classical neurotransmitters , it is probable that extracellular taurine may act as an inhibitory modulator, if not an inhibitory transmitter, within the brain.…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

Taurine in rat posterior pituitary: Localization in astrocytes and selective release by hypoosmotic stimulation

1997

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Taurine, a gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-like acidic amino acid, has previously been shown to be prominently localized to astrocytes in the supraoptic nucleus, the neurons of which contain only small amounts, and to have inhibitory actions on supraoptic neuronal activity. In the present study, taurine distribution in the neurohypophysis was determined by using a well-characterized monoclonal antibody against taurine itself. Preembedding immunohistochemistry was performed at light and electron microscopic levels by using diaminobenzidine and gold-substituted silver-intensified peroxidase (GSSP) methods. At the light microscopic level, the distribution pattern and cellular localization of taurine immunoreactivity corresponded to that of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Pituicyte cell bodies and processes displayed dense taurine immunoreactivity. Electron microscopic observations revealed strong taurine GSSP reactions in these neural lobe astrocytes, but weak taurine reactivity was seen within only some neurosecretory axons. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses demonstrated that in vitro hypoosmotic stimulation (reduction of 40 mOsm/kg) of isolated posterior pituitaries resulted in preferential increases in taurine release into the bathing medium without increased release of other amino acids. Conversely, tissue concentrations of taurine significantly decreased with hypoosmotic perfusion, while glutamate, glutamine, and GABA concentrations were not reduced. These results indicate that taurine is mainly concentrated in neurohypophysial astrocytes, which are known to engulf the neurosecretory axonal processes and terminals. Taurine released from pituicytes under basal and hypoosmotic conditions may act to suppress axon terminal depolarization and thereby depress release of neurohypophysial peptides.

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“…This could be due to either increased release or inhibited uptake of taurine. Recent attempts to localize the sites of taurine biosynthesis in the brain demonstrated immunostains of cysteine sulfonate decarboxylase in rows like oligodendrocytes and cells around the Purkinje cells in the cerebellum (7). Activity of the enzyme was also detected in glial cell fractions enriched with oligodendrocytes and astrocytes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported that taurine is taken up into cells by two transport systems: a low-affinity (Km of about 2 mM) but high-capacity uptake system and a highaffinity system (Km of 50-80 AuM) having low capacity for uptake (3)(4)(5)(6). The physiological role of taurine in the central nervous system remains obscure (7)(8)(9). It has been proposed that taurine plays a role in osmoregulation in certain brain cells (9)(10)(11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the transporter of taurine and beta-alanine in mouse brain.

Liu

López-Corcuera²,

Nelson³

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

256

161

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A taurine/fl-alanine transporter was cloned from a mouse brain cDNA library by screening with a partial cDNA probe of the glycine transporter at low stringency. The deduced amino acid sequence predicts 590 amino acids with typical characteristics of the sodium-dependent neurotransmitter transporters such as sequence homology and membrane topography. However, the calculated isoelectric point of the taurine/fi-alanine transporter is more acidic (pI = 5.98) than those (pI > 8.0) of other cloned neurotransmitter transporters. Xenopus oocytes Injected with cRNA of the cloned transporter expressed uptake activities with K. = 4.5 FM for taurine and K. = 56 FM for (3-alanine. Northern hybridization showed a single transcript of 7.5 kil9bases that was highly enriched in kidney and distributed evenly in various parts of the brain. In situ hybridization showed the mRNA of the taurine/(3-alanine transporter to be localized in the corpus callosum, striatum, and anterior commisure. Specific localization ofthe taurine/palanine transporter in mouse brain suggests a-potential function for taurine and (3-alanine as neurotransmitters.

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Immunocytochemistry of the taurine biosynthesis enzyme, cysteine sulfinate decar☐ylase, in the cerebellum: Evidence for a glial licalization

Cited by 47 publications

References 37 publications

Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Multinuclear NMR Studies on the Energy Metabolism of Glial and Neuronal Cells

Taurine in rat posterior pituitary: Localization in astrocytes and selective release by hypoosmotic stimulation

Cloning and expression of a cDNA encoding the transporter of taurine and beta-alanine in mouse brain.

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