Immunocompetent cells and epithelial cell modifications in molluscum contagiosum

Viac, J.; Chardonnet, Y

doi:10.1111/j.1600-0560.1990.tb00085.x

Cited by 44 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(8 reference statements)

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“…Immunohistochemical analyses using T-cell markers revealed a mere scantling of T-lymphocytes within the subconjunctival stroma around MC lesions. In keeping with previous reports, which have shown MC lesions to be completely devoid of immunocompetent cells [25,58], we likewise observed no T-cells within the lesions themselves; and perilesionally, only a few CD-68-positive macrophages were encountered. The scarcity of macrophages may relate to the circumstance that, whilst one of the MC-virus-coded proteins aligns with the human macrophage inflammatory protein 1-b, it nevertheless lacks the NH 2 -terminus involved in monocyte activation [52].…”

Section: Follow-upsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Evolution of HIV-1-related conjunctival molluscum contagiosum under HAART: report of a bilaterally manifesting case and literature review

Schulz

Sarra

Koerner

et al. 2004

Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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Purpose: To present a rare case of bilateral conjunctival molluscum contagiosum (MC) in an HIV-positive individual who had unilateral lesion excision before induction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), and to discuss the pathophysiological consequences of immune restoration. Methods: Case report: A 40-year-old male Caucasian presented with atypical, bilateral lesions of the limbal conjunctiva due to MC. Before the induction of HAART, nodules in the left eye were excised whilst the single lesion in the right eye was left untouched. Results: The clinical diagnosis of conjunctival MC was confirmed histopathologically. Six months after the induction of HAART, the untouched lesion (right eye) had regressed and there was pronounced local injection of the conjunctiva. MC lesions did not recur after excision (left eye), and signs of inflammation were absent. Conclusion: Conjunctival MC is rare and associated with immune deficiency. To the best of our knowledge, the presented case is the first reported instance of bilateral, multi-lesional MC of the conjunctiva in an HIVpositive patient undergoing HAART. Attention must be paid to the possible complications associated with the restoration of immunocompetence.

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Section: Follow-upsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Clinically, none of the lesions were obviously inflamed. Furthermore, molluscum bodies manifest no reactivity to the b 2 -microglobulin [58]. This lack of expression of HLA class-I antigens may be related to the presence of three MC gene products which interfere with host defence.…”

Section: Follow-upmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evolution of HIV-1-related conjunctival molluscum contagiosum under HAART: report of a bilaterally manifesting case and literature review

Schulz

Sarra

Koerner

et al. 2004

Graefe's Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol

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“…Lesions in vivo are characterized by a lack of inflammatory cell infiltrates, consistent with a mechanism for immune system escape (25). Neither T cells nor natural killer cells are found at the base of molluscum lesions (26). Furthermore, lesions undergoing spontaneous resolution often show mononuclear cell infiltrates, confirming that these types of cells are critical in the immune response to molluscum contagiosum (27).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Functional characterization of the C—C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2

Krathwohl

Hromas

Brown

et al. 1997

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Many viruses have evolved mechanisms for evading the host immune system by synthesizing proteins that interfere with the normal immune response. The poxviruses are among the most accomplished at deceiving their hosts' immune systems. The nucleotide sequence of the genome of the human cutaneous poxvirus, molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) type 1, was recently reported to contain a region that resembles a human chemokine. We have cloned and expressed the chemokine-like genes from MCV type 1 and the closely related MCV type 2 to determine a potential role for these proteins in the viral life cycle. In monocyte chemotaxis assays, the viral proteins have no chemotactic activity but both viral proteins block the chemotactic response to the human chemokine, macrophage inf lammatory protein (MIP)-1␣. Like MIP-1␣, both viral proteins also inhibit the growth of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, but the viral proteins are more potent in this activity than the human chemokine. These viral chemokines antagonize the chemotactic activity of human chemokines and have an inhibitory effect on human hematopoietic progenitor cells. We hypothesize that the inhibition of chemotaxis is an immune evasion function of these proteins during molluscum contagiosum virus infection. The significance of hematopoietic progenitor cell inhibition in viral pathogenesis is uncertain.

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“…Since limited inflammation is associated with the persistent, benign skin neoplasms caused by MCV (17,51), it is likely that virus-encoded proteins, in addition to the MC159 product, regulate the outcome of the host immune response. Although such responsibility has already been attributed to several proteins (36), it is probable that others remain undiscovered.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The MC160 Protein Expressed by the Dermatotropic Poxvirus Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Prevents Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced NF-κB Activation via Inhibition of I Kappa Kinase Complex Formation

Nichols

Shisler

2006

J Virol

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The pluripotent cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-␣) binds to its cognate TNF receptor I (TNF-RI) to stimulate inflammation via activation of the NF-B transcription factor. To prevent the detrimental effects of TNF-␣ in keratinocytes infected with the molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV), this poxvirus is expected to produce proteins that block at least one step of the TNF-RI signal transduction pathway. One such product, the MC160 protein, is predicted to interfere with this cellular response because of its homology to other proteins that regulate TNF-RI-mediated signaling. We report here that expression of MC160 molecules did significantly reduce TNF-␣-mediated NF-B activation in 293T cells, as measured by gene reporter and gel mobility shift assays. Since we observed that MC160 decreased other NF-B activation pathways, namely those activated by receptor-interacting protein, TNF receptor-associated factor 2, NF-B-inducing kinase, or MyD88, we hypothesized that the MC160 product interfered with I kappa kinase (IKK) activation, an event common to multiple signal transduction pathways. Indeed, MC160 protein expression was associated with a reduction in in vitro IKK kinase activity and IKK subunit phosphorylation. Further, IKK1-IKK2 interactions were not detected in MC160-expressing cells, under conditions demonstrated to induce IKK complex formation, but interactions between the MC160 protein and the major IKK subunits were undetectable. Surprisingly, MC160 expression correlated with a decrease in IKK1, but not IKK2 levels, suggesting a mechanism for MC160 disruption of IKK1-IKK2 interactions. MCV has probably retained its MC160 gene to inhibit NF-B activation by interfering with signaling via multiple biological mediators. In the context of an MCV infection in vivo, MC160 protein expression may dampen the cellular production of proinflammatory molecules and enhance persistent infections in host keratinocytes.

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Immunocompetent cells and epithelial cell modifications in molluscum contagiosum

Cited by 44 publications

References 10 publications

Evolution of HIV-1-related conjunctival molluscum contagiosum under HAART: report of a bilaterally manifesting case and literature review

Evolution of HIV-1-related conjunctival molluscum contagiosum under HAART: report of a bilaterally manifesting case and literature review

Functional characterization of the C—C chemokine-like molecules encoded by molluscum contagiosum virus types 1 and 2

The MC160 Protein Expressed by the Dermatotropic Poxvirus Molluscum Contagiosum Virus Prevents Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha-Induced NF-κB Activation via Inhibition of I Kappa Kinase Complex Formation

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