Immunobiotic and Paraprobiotic Potential Effect of Lactobacillus casei in a Systemic Toxoplasmosis Murine Model

Abstract

One of the main characteristics of probiotics is their ability to stimulate and modulate the immune response regardless of their viability. Lactobacillus casei (Lc) can stimulate local and systemic immunity, in addition to the activation of macrophages at sites distant from the intestine. Activated macrophages limit the replication of intracellular protozoa, such as Toxoplasma gondii, through the production of nitric oxide. The present study aimed to evaluate the protection generated by treatment with viable and non-viable Lc in the murine systemic toxoplasmosis model. CD1 male mice were treated with viable Lc (immunobiotic) and non-viable Lc (paraprobiotic), infected with tachyzoites of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain. The reduction of the parasitic load, activation of peritoneal macrophages, inflammatory cytokines, and cell populations was evaluated at 7 days post-infection, in addition to the survival. The immunobiotic and paraprobiotic reduced the parasitic load, but only the immunobiotic increased the activation of peritoneal macrophages, and the production of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) while the paraprobiotic increased the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and T CD4+CD44+ lymphocytes. Viable and non-viable Lc increases survival but does not prevent the death of animals. The results provide evidence about the remote immunological stimulation of viable and non-viable Lc in an in vivo parasitic model.

The synergetic potential of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum probiotics in alleviating the outcome of acute toxoplasmosis in mice

“…183261 and were given orally at a dose of one billion Lactobacilli per mouse, administered daily for 14 days, 7 days before infection, and 7 days p.i. (Salas-Lais et al 2020). They were prepared by dissolving each probiotic sachet that contains 10 billion Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus fermentum in 1 mL of distilled water to prepare the required concentration.…”

Production of Reactive Oxygen (ROS) and Nitrogen (RNS) Species in Macrophages J774A.1 Activated by the Interaction between Two Escherichia coli Pathotypes and Two Probiotic Commercial Strains

“…First, the CellROX ® Deep Red (5 µM) was added and the tubes were incubated for 30 min at 37 °C in 5% CO2 in the dark that, the DAF-FM DA probe (5 µM) was added to the tubes and they were incubat another 30 min. A separated tube of macrophages with the same assay conditions labeled with 4 µL of conjugated-APC monoclonal antibody anti-mouse F4/80 (Th Scientific, Eugene, OR, USA), incubating this for 30 min in darkness [28]. The analys performed on a BD FACSLyric™ Flow Cytometry System (Figure 1).…”

Characteristics of gut microbiome, organic acid profiles and viral antibody indexes of healthy Japanese with live Lacticaseibacillus detected in stool

“…In HSV infection experiments using T cell defective mice such as nude mice and SCID mice, it has been reported that cellular immunity via T cells is essential for the elimination of HSV-infected cells (Minagawa and Yanagi, 2000), and an increase in the counts of CD8-positive T cells invading the ganglia inhibits the reactivation of latently infected HSV (Hoshino et al, 2007;Khanna et al, 2003;Liu et al, 2001), suggesting that the immune response in the host may play an important role in maintaining latent HSV infection. LcS has been reported to activate innate immunological effects and T cells in a live LcS-specific manner (Dong et al, 2010;Salas-Lais et al, 2020).…”