Immunobiology of the Tonsils and Adenoids

Bernstein, Joel; Yamanaka, Noboru; Nadal, David

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-524730-6.50055-5

Cited by 40 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Consistent with our finding that the tonsil is a primary site of virus replication, there is also an abundance of CCR5-expressing CD4 ϩ T cells in the tonsil (7,26). Further, the results of the present study show that as early as 1 week after the first SIV exposure, the absolute number of CD4 ϩ T cells in peripheral blood was significantly lower in SIV-infected than in age-matched (5 weeks of age) SIV-naïve animals, suggesting that CD4 ϩ T cells are an early target of SIV infection after oral exposure.…”

Section: Cd4supporting

confidence: 92%

Rapid Virus Dissemination in Infant Macaques after Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure in the Presence of Local Innate Immune Responses

Abel

Pahar

Rompay

et al. 2006

J Virol

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Section: Cd4supporting

confidence: 92%

Rapid Virus Dissemination in Infant Macaques after Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure in the Presence of Local Innate Immune Responses

Abel

Pahar

Rompay

et al. 2006

J Virol

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“…Tonsillar germinal centers express a very high percentage of extrafollicular immunocytes with Jchain expression. More than 90% of these immunocytes are of the IgA isotype (16).…”

Section: Common Mucosal Immune Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

2001

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Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans

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“…In some areas, the lymphocytes entered into the lumen of the crypt through the reticular epithelium, which is in total agreement with the observations of Perry in humans. Howie (1980) in humans, Belz & Heath (1995b) and Bernstein et al (1999), in dog reported that the reticular epithelium (lymphoepithelium) of crypts contained M-cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microarchitecture of the Palatine Tonsil in Sheep (Ovis aries)

Raju

Ramesh²,

Basha³

et al. 2012

Int. J. Morphol.

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SUMMARY:The tissue pieces of palatine tonsil were collected from different postnatal age groups of sheep from the Corporation Slaughter House, Perambur, Chennai. The palatine tonsil consisted of a surface epithelium, capsule, tonsillar lobes, crypts, crypt epithelium and tonsillar follicles. The surface epithelium over the palatine tonsil was made up of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in all the postnatal age groups studied. The palatine tonsil was clearly demarcated from the surrounding structures by a distinct connective tissue capsule and one septa dividing the tonsil into two lobes. The surface epithelium was invaginated into the substance of the tonsil to form primary and secondary crypts in each lobe. The crypt epithelium covered the regions of lymphoid follicles became lymphoepithelium. The macrophages were also observed in the epithelium. In the areas of lymphoepithelium the basement membrane was interrupted since lymphocytic infiltration was heavy into the epithelium. Numerous secondary tonsillar follicles with germinal centers separated by interfollicular areas were observed in the palatine tonsil. The tonsillar follicles consisted of a mantle zone, which was heavily populated with small darkly stained lymphocytes. These mantle zones were always oriented towards the crypts. The tonsillar follicles of young sheep showed many medium and small sized lymphocytes, lymphoblasts and also reticulocytes. The reticular cells usually appeared larger than lymphocytes and had a more abundant and organized cytoplasm with vacuoles.

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Immunobiology of the Tonsils and Adenoids

Cited by 40 publications

References 44 publications

Rapid Virus Dissemination in Infant Macaques after Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure in the Presence of Local Innate Immune Responses

Rapid Virus Dissemination in Infant Macaques after Oral Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Exposure in the Presence of Local Innate Immune Responses

Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

Microarchitecture of the Palatine Tonsil in Sheep (Ovis aries)

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