Vaccination Strategies for Mucosal Immune Responses

Abstract

Mucosal administration of vaccines is an important approach to the induction of appropriate immune responses to microbial and other environmental antigens in systemic sites and peripheral blood as well as in most external mucosal surfaces. The development of specific antibody- or T-cell-mediated immunologic responses and the induction of mucosally induced systemic immunologic hyporesponsiveness (oral or mucosal tolerance) depend on complex sets of immunologic events, including the nature of the antigenic stimulation of specialized lymphoid structures in the host, antigen-induced activation of different populations of regulatory T cells (Th1 versus Th2), and the expression of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. Availability of mucosal vaccines will provide a painless approach to deliver large numbers of vaccine antigens for human immunization. Currently, an average infant will receive 20 to 25 percutaneous injections for vaccination against different childhood infections by 18 months of age. It should be possible to develop for human use effective, nonliving, recombinant, replicating, transgenic, and microbial vector- or plant-based mucosal vaccines to prevent infections. Based on the experience with many dietary antigens, it is also possible to manipulate the mucosal immune system to induce systemic tolerance against environmental, dietary, and possibly other autoantigens associated with allergic and autoimmune disorders. Mucosal immunity offers new strategies to induce protective immune responses against a variety of infectious agents. Such immunization may also provide new prophylactic or therapeutic avenues in the control of autoimmune diseases in humans

Booster responses by oral vaccination with transgenic plants against chicken leucocytozoonosis

“…Here, we scheduled two 1-week oral administration periods with a 1-week interval (non-oral administration period). This was due to the possibility of tolerance caused by long-term administration of the plant-based vaccine (Ogra et al, 2001;Streatfield & Howard, 2003). We previously confirmed that intermittent oral administration of E. coli-expressed rR7 antigen over a short period could boost sufficient protective immunity (Ito et al, 2005).…”

More robust gut immune responses induced by combining intranasal and sublingual routes for prime-boost immunization

“…27 Vaccination via the IN route provides desirable attributes such as easy administration, noninvasiveness, flexibility, and the ability to trigger the common mucosal immune responses in pulmonary, urogenital and gastrointestinal regions. 28 Nonetheless, the IN vaccination, which induces α1β4, L-selectin and CCR10, is generally inefficient in inducing SIgA in the gut. 17 The sublingual route has been used safely for delivery of chemical medicines and allergen-specific immunotherapy in humans as well as animals.…”

Tissue culture independent transformation of the forage crop sunnhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.): an easy method towards generation of transgenics

“…Thus ID gene has been exploited as the ideal candidate for development of edible vaccines (Carrillo et al 1998) for foot and mouth disease (FMD). FMDV exists as 7 antigenically distinct serotypes (O, A, C, Asia 1 and SAT 1-3) with no cross reactivity among them (Ogra et al 2001). In India 3 of them (O, A, Asia1) are in circulation and 2 of these ('O' and 'A') are responsible for large number of outbreaks.…”