Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity

Franceschi, Claudio; Salvioli, Stefano; Garagnani, Paolo; Eguileor, Magda de; Monti, Daniela; Capri, Miriam

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00982

Cited by 214 publications

(191 citation statements)

References 124 publications

(138 reference statements)

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“…Every component of this ecosystem has a specific role and is capable of responding to signals from its host or the environment (including the circadian rhythm; BOX 3) by altering its own activity 60 . There are several factors that can permanently change the composition and function of the gut microbiota, which results in large variabilities and heterogeneity of this ecosystem in the human host 61 . These factors that constitute a sort of biography of each person are divided into individual-based (age, gender, genetics, lifestyle, type of delivery, breastfeeding or formula feeding), population-based (ethnicity, cultural habits, nutrition, population genetic structure and ancestry), and environment-based (climate, use of antibiotics, immunological stimuli lifelong).…”

Section: [H2] Stimuli That Fuel Inflammagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases

et al. 2018

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Ageing and age-related diseases share some basic mechanistic pillars that largely converge on inflammation. During ageing, chronic, sterile, low-grade inflammation - called inflammaging - develops, which contributes to the pathogenesis of age-related diseases. From an evolutionary perspective, a variety of stimuli sustain inflammaging, including pathogens (non-self), endogenous cell debris and misplaced molecules (self) and nutrients and gut microbiota (quasi-self). A limited number of receptors, whose degeneracy allows them to recognize many signals and to activate the innate immune responses, sense these stimuli. In this situation, metaflammation (the metabolic inflammation accompanying metabolic diseases) is thought to be the form of chronic inflammation that is driven by nutrient excess or overnutrition; metaflammation is characterized by the same mechanisms underpinning inflammaging. The gut microbiota has a central role in both metaflammation and inflammaging owing to its ability to release inflammatory products, contribute to circadian rhythms and crosstalk with other organs and systems. We argue that chronic diseases are not only the result of ageing and inflammaging; these diseases also accelerate the ageing process and can be considered a manifestation of accelerated ageing. Finally, we propose the use of new biomarkers (DNA methylation, glycomics, metabolomics and lipidomics) that are capable of assessing biological versus chronological age in metabolic diseases.

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Section: [H2] Stimuli That Fuel Inflammagingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases

et al. 2018

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“…Under those conditions, long-term safety testing of vaccines in humans will be non-existent. There is no data on whether anti-SARS-coV-2 vaccines will be first licensed in developed countries (34) or if all vaccine production facilities will be adequate to assure a reliable supply of new anti-SARS-coV-2 vaccines (35) in a timely manner, and are compatible with specifications and improved adult vaccine design strategy by WHO or immunobiography (36) and heterogeneity of immune responses in the elderly subpopulations (36).…”

Section: Vaccines: An Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

et al. 2020

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In the current context of the pandemic triggered by SARS-cOV-2, the immunization of the population through vaccination is recognized as a public health priority. In the case of SARS-cOV-2, the genetic sequencing was done quickly, in one month. Since then, worldwide research has focused on obtaining a vaccine. This has a major economic impact because new technological platforms and advanced genetic engineering procedures are required to obtain a cOVId-19 vaccine. The most difficult scientific challenge for this future vaccine obtained in the laboratory is the proof of clinical safety and efficacy. The biggest challenge of manufacturing is the construction and validation of production platforms capable of making the vaccine on a large scale.

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“…In particular gene-environment interaction in centenarians are peculiar of each individual because the combination of stimuli experienced during life interacting with the unique genetic background results in a unique signature. This concept has been conceptualized from an immunological perspective and dubbed "immunological biography" 51,52 . Owing to its memory and plasticity, the immune system (IS), including both the innate and the adaptive ones, is capable of recording all the immunological experiences and stimuli it was exposed to.…”

Section: Biological Biography: the Example Of Immunobiographymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

Giuliani

Garagnani

Franceschi

2018

Circulation Research

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Genetics of human longevity within an eco-evolutionary nature-nurture framework. -Circulation Research 2018 ; 123(7) : 745-772.The final published version is available online at: https://www.ahajournals.org/ ABSTRACTHuman longevity is a complex trait, and to disentangle its basis has a great theoretical and practical consequence for biomedicine. The genetics of human longevity is still poorly understood, despite a number of investigations that used different strategies and protocols. Here we argue that such rather disappointing harvest is largely due to the extraordinary complexity of the longevity phenotype in humans. The capability to reach the extreme decades of human lifespan appears to be the result of an intriguing mixture of geneenvironment interactions. Accordingly, the genetics of human longevity is here described as a highly context-dependent phenomenon, within a new integrated, ecological and evolutionary perspective, and is presented as a dynamic process, both historically and individually. The available literature has been scrutinized within this perspective, paying particular attention to factors (sex, individual biography, family, population ancestry, social structure, economic status and education, among others) that have been relatively neglected. The strength and limitations of the most powerful and used tools, such as GWAS and whole-genome sequencing, have been discussed, focusing on prominently emerged genes and regions, such as APOE, FOXO3, IL-6, IGF-1, chromosome 9p21, 5q33.3 and somatic mutations among others. The major results of this approach suggest that: i) the genetics of longevity is highly population-specific; ii) small-effect alleles, pleiotropy and the "complex allele timing" likely play a major role; iii) genetic risk factors are age-specific and need to be integrated in the light of the geroscience perspective; iv) a close relationship between genetics of longevity and genetics of age-related diseases (especially cardiovascular diseases) do exist. Finally, the urgent need of a global approach to the largely unexplored interactions between the three genetics of human body, i.e. nuclear, mitochondrial and microbiomes, is stressed. We surmise that the comprehensive approach here presented will help in increasing the above-mentioned harvest.

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Immunobiography and the Heterogeneity of Immune Responses in the Elderly: A Focus on Inflammaging and Trained Immunity

Cited by 214 publications

References 124 publications

Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases

Inflammaging: a new immune–metabolic viewpoint for age-related diseases

Towards effective COVID‑19 vaccines: Updates, perspectives and challenges (Review)

Genetics of Human Longevity Within an Eco-Evolutionary Nature-Nurture Framework

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